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7 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 4,273 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side: they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins Anchor | green | “plaintiff must have ... suffered an injury in fact, ... that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and ... that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” | 1,908 |
| 2 | Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins | green | “to establish injury in fact, a plaintiff must show that he or she suffered 'an invasion of a legally protected interest' that is 'concrete and particularized' and 'actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” | 1,087 |
| 3 | Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife | green | “at the pleading stage, general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant's conduct may suffice, for on a motion to dismiss we presume that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support the claim.” | 896 |
| 4 | Warth v. Seldin | green | “must accept as true all material allegations of the complaint, and must construe the complaint in favor of the complaining party.” | 356 |
| 5 | Jennifer Clemens v. Execupharm Inc | green | “that 'actual or imminent' is disjunctive is critical: it indicates that a plaintiff need not wait until he or she has actually sustained the feared harm in order to seek judicial redress, but can file suit when the risk of harm becomes imminent.” | 10 |
| 6 | Jennifer Clemens v. Execupharm Inc | green | “for example, if the plaintiff's knowledge of the substantial risk of identity theft causes him to presently experience emotional distress or spend money on mitigation measures like credit monitoring services, the plaintiff has alleged a concrete injury.” | 9 |
| 7 | Jennifer Clemens v. Execupharm Inc | green | “where the asserted theory of injury is a substantial risk of identity theft or fraud, a plaintiff suing for damages can satisfy concreteness as long as he alleges that the exposure to that substantial risk caused additional, currently felt concrete harms.” | 7 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment: for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.