Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-3-117 (2026)

(1) (a) The state court administrator shall compile a list of drug convictions pursuant to article 18 of title 18: (I) That are eligible for sealing pursuant to sections 24-72-703 and 24-72-706; and (II) (A) If the drug conviction is for a petty offense or misdemeanor, that seven years have passed since the disposition of the case; or (B) If the drug conviction is for a felony, that at least ten years have passed since the disposition of the case. (a.5) The state court administrator shall compile a list of eligible convictions, excluding crimes pursuant to section 24-4.1-302 (1): (I) That are eligible for sealing pursuant to sections 24-72-703 and 24-72-706; and (II) (A) If the judgment is for a civil infraction, that four years have passed since the final disposition of the case; (B) If the conviction is for a petty offense or misdemeanor, that at least seven years have passed since the final disposition of the case; and (C) If the conviction is for an eligible felony, that at least ten years have passed since the date of the final disposition of all criminal proceedings against the defendant or the release of the defendant from supervision concerning a criminal conviction, whichever is later. (b) The state court administrator shall use the state conviction database and the conviction databases of entities that do not report convictions to the state database to compile the list. The state court administrator shall compile the list based on a name-based review with sufficient points of reference for identification validation as determined by the state court administrator. The state court administrator must only include convictions on the list if sufficient points of validation, as determined by the state court administrator, are present. The state court administrator shall not include any case in which there is no final disposition on all charges in the case. The state court administrator shall not include any judgments for which the defendant has an intervening judgment during the four-year waiting period if the judgement is for a civil infraction and shall not include any convictions for which the defendant has an intervening conviction during the seven-year waiting period if the conviction is for a petty offense or misdemeanor or during the ten-year waiting period if the conviction is for a felony. The state court administrator shall sort the list by judicial district of conviction. (c) The state court administrator shall compile the initial list pursuant to this subsection (1) by February 1, 2024, and the court shall seal all conviction records eligible for sealing pursuant to the final list compiled pursuant to subsection (3)(a) of this section based on the initial list by July 1, 2024. (d) Beginning July 1, 2024, the state court administrator shall compile a list of drug convictions, misdemeanors, and petty offenses that are eligible pursuant to this subsection (1) on a quarterly basis. The state court administrator shall include the eligible felony convictions not found in article 18 of title 18 pursuant to subsection (1)(a.5) of this section beginning on July 1, 2025. (2) The state court administrator shall forward the list compiled pursuant to subsection (1) of this section to each district attorney, except for civil infractions. The state court administrator shall send the list of civil infractions to be sealed with the final list pursuant to subsection (3)(b) of this section to the chief judge for each judicial district. (3) (a) (I) Upon receipt of the list from the state court administrator, each elected district attorney, or his or her designee, may, within forty-five days, object to the inclusion of a conviction on the list for circumstances in which a condition of the plea was that the defendant agreed to not have the conviction record sealed, convictions in which the defendant has a pending criminal charge, an intervening conviction, or convictions that are ineligible for sealing. (II) For a felony conviction for an offense not in article 18 of title 18, in addition to the objections in subsection (3)(a)(I) of this section, each district attorney may, within forty-five days, object when the district attorney has a reasonable belief, grounded in supporting facts, that the public interest and public safety in retaining public access to the current record or case outweighs the privacy interest of, or adverse consequences to, the defendant. (III) Each district attorney shall file a notice with the court in the criminal case that is the subject of the record without the need for additional service on any party, noting the basis of the objection. (IV) For objections pursuant to subsection (3)(a)(II) of this section, the notice must explain the basis for the objection and include any available supporting documents. In such cases, the court shall serve notice on the defendant at the defendant's last-known address and explain in plain language that the defendant may request a hearing on the matter. If the defendant requests a hearing, the court shall proceed pursuant to section 24-72-706. (V) The state court administrator shall remove the convictions objected to by the district attorneys from the list, if any, and then compile each of the lists into one final list and sort the convictions by judicial district. All convictions from the initial lists shall be included unless objected to within the forty-five-day period as ineligible under subsection (3)(a)(I), (3)(a)(II), or (3)(a)(III) of this section. (b) (I) The state court administrator shall send the final list compiled pursuant to subsection (3)(a)(V) of this section to the chief judge for the judicial district. The courts of that judicial district shall enter sealing orders based on the list received within fourteen days after receipt of the amended list from the state court administrator. (II) [Editor's note: This version of subsection (3)(b)(II) is effective until July 1, 2025.] The district court shall send a copy of the sealing order to the district attorney's office that prosecuted the case to facilitate sealing of the records held by the district attorney's offices. The court shall also send a copy to the state court administrator for purposes of subsections (3)(b)(III) and (3)(c) of this section. (II) [Editor's note: This version of subsection (3)(b)(II) is effective July 1, 2025.] The district court shall send a copy of the sealing order to the district attorney's office that prosecuted the case to facilitate sealing of the records held by the district attorney's offices. The court shall also send a copy to the state court administrator for purposes of subsections (3)(b)(III) and (3)(c) of this section. To protect defendant confidentiality, a copy shall not be mailed to the defendant, notwithstanding any Colorado criminal rule of procedure to the contrary. (III) The state court administrator shall electronically send all orders sealing records pursuant to this subsection (3)(b) to the Colorado bureau of investigation using an information- sharing data transfer to facilitate sealing of the records held by the Colorado bureau of investigation. (IV) The defendant may obtain a copy of the sealing order pursuant to section 24-72-703 (2)(c) and serve the sealing order on any custodian of the records pursuant to section 24-72-703 (8), including the law enforcement agency that investigated the case. (c) On or before July 1, 2024, the state court administrator shall develop a website that allows a defendant to confidentially determine whether the defendant's conviction has been sealed pursuant to this section and information about how to receive a copy of the sealing order. (4) (a) On or before February 1, 2024, and on or before January 1 each year thereafter, the state court administrator shall report to the judiciary committees of the senate and the house of representatives, or their successor committees, by judicial district and, to the extent possible, with data disaggregated by race and sex and by offense level, the number of conviction records in the prior calendar year that: (I) Were considered for automatic record sealing; (II) The state court administrator sent to the chief judges for each judicial district; and (III) The district attorneys objected to due to: (A) Intervening convictions; (B) The ineligibility of the offense; (C) Pending charges; (D) Plea agreements waiving the right to record sealing; and (E) Objections pursuant to subsection (3)(a)(II) of this section. (b) Notwithstanding section 24-1-136 (11)(a)(I), the report required in this subsection (4) continues indefinitely. (c) During the 2023 and 2024 legislative sessions, the judicial department shall report on the progress of its implementation of this section, including the creation of the website pursuant to subsection (3)(c) of this section, as part of the department's "State Measurement for Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent (SMART) Government Act" hearing required by section 2-7-203. (5) [Editor's note: Subsection (5) is effective July 1, 2025.] (a) On or before July 1, 2025, the state court administrator shall compile a list of all criminal justice records of deferred judgments that have been successfully completed and the charges have been dismissed, acquittals, and diversion cases pursuant to section 24-72-705 (1)(a) with dispositions prior to August 2022. The state court administrator shall sort those criminal justice records by judicial district and send the final list to the chief judge of each judicial district. (b) (I) The state court administrator shall send the final list compiled pursuant to subsection (5)(a) of this section to the chief judge for the judicial district. The courts of that judicial district shall enter sealing orders based on the list received within fourteen days after receipt of the final list from the state court administrator. (II) The district court shall send a copy of the sealing order to the district attorney's office that prosecuted the case, and upon receipt of the order the district attorney's office shall seal the records held by it. The court shall also send a copy to the state court administrator for purposes of subsection (5)(b)(III) of this section. To protect defendant confidentiality, a copy shall not be mailed to the defendant, notwithstanding any Colorado criminal rule of procedure to the contrary. (III) The state court administrator shall electronically send all orders sealing records pursuant to this subsection (5)(b) to the Colorado bureau of investigation using an information- sharing data transfer. Upon receipt of the orders, the Colorado bureau of investigation shall seal all records held by the orders. (IV) The defendant may obtain a copy of the sealing order pursuant to section 24-72-703 (2)(c) and serve the sealing order on any custodian of the records pursuant to section 24-72-703 (8), including the law enforcement agency that investigated the case.

Source: L. 2021: Entire section added, (HB 21-1214), ch. 455, p. 3037, § 11, effective September 7. L. 2022: (1)(a.5) and (4) added and (1)(b), (1)(d), (2), and (3) amended, (SB 22- 099), ch. 276, p. 1981, § 3, effective August 10. L. 2024: (3)(b)(II) amended and (5) added, (HB 24-1133), ch. 384, p. 2621, § 8, effective July 1, 2025.

13-3-118. State court administrator - twenty-third judicial district county assistance - definition - repeal. (1) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires, "eligible expenses" means costs associated with establishing a district attorney's office in the twenty-third judicial district, including: (a) For the 2023-24 state fiscal year, consulting fees and transition contractor project management fees; and (b) For the 2024-25 state fiscal year: (I) Costs related to annual and sick leave payouts for staff to transition from the eighteenth to the twenty-third judicial district; and (II) Transition and implementation of information technology infrastructure, equipment, and software; data preservation, separation, and migration; and information technology staff transition. (2) From money appropriated by the general assembly, the state court administrator's office shall reimburse counties of the current eighteenth judicial district for eligible expenses related to the creation of the twenty-third judicial district. (3) This section is repealed, effective July 1, 2026.

Source: L. 2023: Entire section added, (SB 23-230), ch. 78, p. 281, § 1, effective April 17.

13-3-119. Data-sharing task force between state and municipal courts - creation - legislative declaration - repeal. (Repealed)

Source: L. 2023: Entire section added, (HB 23-1132), ch. 420, p. 2473, § 1, effective June 7.

Editor's note: Subsection (7) provided for the repeal of this section, effective July 1, 2024. (See L. 2023, p. 2473.)

13-3-120. Office of the judicial discipline ombudsman established - judicial discipline advisory board - qualifications of ombudsman - powers and duties - confidentiality - rules - definitions. (1) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires: (a) "Board" means the judicial discipline ombudsman selection board, established in subsection (6) of this section. (b) "Commission" means the commission on judicial discipline created in section 13- 5.3-102. (c) "Complainant" means current and former employees of the judicial department, judges, judicial department staff, and persons who work with judicial employees and staff, and includes, but is not limited to, bailiffs, litigating attorneys, interns, and volunteers. (d) "Department" means the judicial department established in this article 3. (e) "Office of the ombudsman" means the office of the judicial discipline ombudsman, created in subsection (2) of this section. (f) "Ombudsman" means the person who serves as both the judicial discipline ombudsman and the director of the office of the ombudsman. (2) The independent office of the judicial discipline ombudsman is established in the judicial department as an independent agency for the purpose of ensuring the greatest protections for a complainant. The purpose of the office of the ombudsman is to act as an independent, confidential, informal, impartial, neutral, and nonpartisan office that responds to questions or concerns from a complainant about misconduct that occurs within the department, to support a complainant in filing formal and informal complaints and grievances against members of the department, and to analyze data from the office of the ombudsman in order to report complaint and grievance trends, systemic problems, and organizational issues to the commission, the department, and the general assembly. The office of the ombudsman shall help a complainant understand how to safely navigate the complaint process. The ombudsman shall consider the standards of practice and code of ethics established by the International Ombuds Association for an organizational ombudsman, to the extent practicable. The ombudsman shall not be adversarial to the department or the commission. The ombudsman shall not request records from the department or the commission related to specific employees, judges, or justices, except at the discretion of the complainant. (3) The office of the ombudsman and the department shall operate pursuant to a memorandum of understanding between the two entities to further the purposes of this section. The memorandum of understanding must contain, at a minimum: (a) A requirement that the office of the ombudsman have its own personnel rules; (b) A requirement that the ombudsman have independent hiring and termination authority over office of the ombudsman employees; (c) A requirement that the office of the ombudsman follow judicial fiscal rules; (d) A requirement that the department offer the office of the ombudsman limited support with respect to: (I) Personnel matters; (II) Recruitment; (III) Payroll; (IV) Benefits; (V) Budget submissions, as needed; and (VI) Accounting; and (e) Any other provisions regarding administrative support that will help maintain the independence of the office of the ombudsman. (4) The office of the ombudsman shall maintain office space that is not physically located in any building that is maintained by the judicial department. (5) The office of the ombudsman and the board established in subsection (6) of this section shall operate with autonomy, control, and authority over operations, budget, and personnel decisions related to the office of the ombudsman, board, and ombudsman. (6) (a) There is established an independent, nonpartisan judicial discipline ombudsman selection board. The board consists of five members and must include lawyers, and people with a professional background in human resources or personnel management, financial management, or experience with employee harassment or discrimination cases or as a victims' rights advocate, and professional ombudsman experience. To the extent practicable, the board should be made up of persons from different judicial districts, persons with disabilities, and persons with experience in culturally relevant practices, and reflect the geographic, ethnic, and gender diversity of the state. (b) Board members must be appointed on or before January 1, 2024, as follows: (I) The governor shall appoint one individual who is either a retired Colorado judge in good standing or a former Colorado judge in good standing; (II) The president of the Colorado senate and the minority leader of the Colorado senate shall each appoint one member with experience listed in subsections (6)(c) and (6)(d) of this section; and (III) The speaker of the Colorado house of representatives and the minority leader of the Colorado house of representatives shall each appoint one member with experience listed in subsections (6)(c) and (6)(d) of this section. (c) Board members must have experience in at least one of the following: (I) Personnel management; (II) Human resources; (III) Financial management; (IV) Experience as a professional ombudsman; (V) Experience with employee harassment or discrimination as an employment law attorney; or (VI) Experience as a victims' rights advocate. (d) In appointing board members pursuant to subsections (6)(b)(II) and (6)(b)(III) of this section, at least one appointee from the Colorado house of representatives and one appointee from the Colorado senate must be licensed Colorado attorneys in good standing. (e) Board members serve terms of four years; except that initial terms must be staggered so that no more than three members' terms expire in the same year. Three of the initial appointments will have four-year terms, and two initial appointments will have two-year terms. The appointing authority shall designate the initial terms. The appointing official shall fill any vacancies on the board for the remainder of any unexpired term. (f) The board shall meet a minimum of two times per year and additionally as needed. (g) Board members serve without compensation but may be reimbursed for actual and reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. (h) Board members may be reappointed to serve one additional term. (7) Expenses incurred for the board must be paid from the general operating budget of the office of the ombudsman. (8) The board has the following duties and responsibilities: (a) To oversee the following personnel decisions related to the ombudsman: (I) On or before March 1, 2024, and as necessary thereafter, appointing a person to serve as the ombudsman. The ombudsman appointed by the board on or before March 1, 2024, shall assume the ombudsman's position on the effective date of the memorandum of understanding between the department and the office of the ombudsman. The board may discharge an ombudsman for cause. A two-thirds majority vote of the board is required to hire or discharge the ombudsman. The general assembly shall set the ombudsman's compensation, and the compensation must not be reduced during the term of the ombudsman's appointment. (II) Filling a vacancy in the ombudsman position; (III) Evaluating the ombudsman's performance as necessary based on feedback received from complainants about the ombudsman; and (IV) Developing a complaint process related to the ombudsman's performance; (b) To oversee and advise the ombudsman on the strategic direction of the office of the ombudsman and its mission and to help promote the use of, engagement with, and access to the office of the ombudsman; (c) To work cooperatively with the ombudsman to provide fiscal oversight of the general operating budget of the office of the ombudsman and ensure that the office of the ombudsman operates in compliance with the provisions of this section, the memorandum of understanding, and state and federal laws; (d) To promote the mission of the office of the ombudsman to the public; and (e) To provide assistance, as practicable and as requested by the ombudsman, to facilitate the statutory intent of this section. (9) Meetings of the board are subject to the provisions of section 24-6-402, except for executive personnel actions or meetings that require the protection of confidentiality and compliance with state privacy laws. (10) The ombudsman has the following duties and functions: (a) Create and maintain an anonymous reporting system and hotline for complainants to submit complaints. The reporting system must be equipped to retain and collect aggregated and disaggregated data regarding the reported complaints that includes the following: (I) The number of allegations of judicial misconduct received, regardless of form; (II) The types of judicial misconduct complaints received by the office of the ombudsman and to what entity the complaint was forwarded, if applicable; and (III) The demographics, including the gender, age, race, ethnicity, or disability, of judges who are the subject of the complaint and those directly affected by the claimed judicial misconduct. (b) Help a complainant understand the complainant's rights and options in reporting and filing a complaint with the commission and any other appropriate authority. This assistance must: (I) Include an explanation of the judicial discipline process, including the steps in the process, the availability of confidential reporting, and confidentiality requirements during each step of the process; and (II) Be available throughout the entire complaint process, if requested by the complainant. (c) Provide the complainant with referrals to physical and mental health-care resources, community-based advocacy services, pro bono or low-cost legal assistance or representation, or any other resource, as necessary or requested; (d) Receive complaints from complainants, and facilitate communication with a complainant and the appropriate party. This subsection (10)(d) does not prevent the commission from also receiving complaints. (e) Facilitate submission of complaints to the appropriate entity or party, only at the discretion and consent of the complainant; (f) Gather and evaluate data received by the office of the ombudsman through the reporting system and hotline, created in subsection (10)(a) of this section, to provide insights into work environment trends of the judicial department on an annual basis. To the extent possible, data must be disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, and judicial district while maintaining the confidentiality of those involved in the complaint. Findings from the data must be reported to the department, commission, and general assembly as part of the judicial department's "SMART Act" presentation required by section 2-7-203. The data must be presented in a manner that protects the confidentiality of everyone involved. The report outlined in this subsection (10)(f) shall not include personal identifying information, including gender, race, or ethnicity data, if that could potentially identify the complainant, the subject of the complaint, or any other people involved in the complaint. During the first two years of operation of the office of the ombudsman, the report must include information and feedback from the office of the ombudsman on the efficacy of the office of the ombudsman and provide recommendations for improvements or adjustments. The report must be made public on the office of the ombudsman's website. (g) Serve in an advisory capacity to the commission and the department on rule-making and provide insights and recommendations to the commission and department on changes to their respective rules and human resource policies. This information must be made public on the office of the ombudsman's website. (h) Comply with all confidentiality provisions set by the commission; (i) Ensure accountability and consistency in the operating policies and procedures of the office of the ombudsman, including reasonable rules related to the administration of the provisions of this section and any other standards of conduct and reporting requirements as provided by law; and (j) Serve as a liaison for communications between a complainant and the commission or the department and, if requested by the complainant, ensure the complainant's anonymity. (11) The ombudsman has discretion over whether or how to engage regarding individual, group, or systematic concerns and may bring a concern to the attention of appropriate individuals as the ombudsman deems appropriate. (12) The ombudsman shall be available to a complainant to discuss complaints related to the conduct of any judicial personnel. (13) To be appointed as the ombudsman, a person must possess the following qualities and qualifications: (a) Prior experience serving as an ombudsman or in an ombudsman capacity; (b) A deep understanding of and expertise in organizational culture and diversity, equity, and inclusion; (c) At least two years of professional experience working with human resources; (d) At least two years of victim advocacy experience or completion of substantial victim advocacy training; and (e) The ability to act in a nonpartisan manner. (14) All conversations and information disclosed to the ombudsman by a complainant are confidential, unless the complainant gives the ombudsman permission to disclose the information to a third party. If the complainant has not consented to disclosure, the ombudsman shall forgo confidentiality when the disclosure involves an imminent threat of bodily harm to the complainant or another person. Information is not discoverable if received during and within the scope of the ombudsman's duties and responsibilities. The ombudsman is exempt from mandatory reporting rules, statutes, including section 13-5.3-106, or as permitted by subsection (11) of this section, and policies and shall not report an incident made known to the ombudsman by a complainant unless the complainant provides consent. (15) Records related to complaints received by the office of the ombudsman, and all other communications between the ombudsman and a complainant, are not subject to public disclosure as required by article 72 of title 24, and are not subject to the judicial department's rules regarding public record disclosure. (16) The office of the ombudsman is authorized to promulgate rules necessary to implement the requirements of this section and to ensure confidentiality of the disclosures made to the office of the ombudsman by complainants. (17) In the performance of the ombudsman's duties, the ombudsman shall act independently of the department and commission. Any recommendations made or positions taken by the ombudsman or the office of the ombudsman do not reflect those of the department or the commission. Source: L. 2023: Entire section added, (HB 23-1205), ch. 430, p. 2525, § 2, effective June 7.

Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 23-1205, see section 1 of chapter 430, Session Laws of Colorado 2023.

ARTICLE 4

Court of Appeals