(1) Subject to appeal and subject to vacation as provided in this section and in section 15-12-413, a formal testacy order under sections 15-12-409 to 15-12-411, including an order that the decedent left no valid will and determining heirs, is final as to all persons with respect to all issues concerning the decedent's estate that the court considered or might have considered incident to its rendition relevant to the question of whether the decedent left a valid will, and to the determination of heirs; except that:
(a) The court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of its existence at the time of the earlier proceeding or were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were given no notice thereof, except by publication;
(b) If intestacy of all or part of the estate has been ordered, the determination of heirs of the decedent may be reconsidered if it is shown that one or more persons were omitted from the determination and it is also shown that the persons were unaware of their relationship to the decedent, were unaware of his death, or were given no notice of any proceeding concerning his estate, except by publication;
(c) A petition for vacation under either paragraph (a) or (b) of this subsection (1) must be filed prior to the earlier of the following time limits:
(I) If a personal representative has been appointed for the estate, the time of entry of any order approving final distribution of the estate, or, if the estate is closed by statement, six months after the filing of the closing statement;
(II) Whether or not a personal representative has been appointed for the estate of the decedent, the time prescribed by section 15-12-108 when it is no longer possible to initiate an original proceeding to probate a will of the decedent;
(III) Twelve months after the entry of the order sought to be vacated.
(d) The order originally rendered in the testacy proceeding may be modified or vacated, if appropriate under the circumstances, by the order of probate of the later-offered will or the order redetermining heirs;
(e) The finding of the fact of death is conclusive as to the alleged decedent only if notice of the hearing on the petition in the formal testacy proceeding was sent by registered or certified mail addressed to the alleged decedent at his last-known address and the court finds that a search under section 15-12-403 (2) was made.
(2) If the alleged decedent is not dead, even if notice was sent and search was made, he may recover estate assets in the hands of the personal representative. In addition to any remedies available to the alleged decedent by reason of any fraud or intentional wrongdoing, the alleged decedent may recover any estate or its proceeds from distributees that is in their hands, or the value of distributions received by them, to the extent that any recovery from distributees is equitable in view of all of the circumstances. An action for recovery from distributees not based on fraud or intentional wrongdoing shall not be brought by the alleged decedent or any person claiming through him more than three years from the date of such distribution. In no event shall any recovery be made by the alleged decedent against any person who, in accordance with law and in good faith and for adequate value, purchased or acquired a lien upon property of the alleged decedent.
Source: L. 73: R&RE, p. 1577, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 153-3-412.
Notes of Decisions
Cited in
7
cases (
1 in the last 5 years), 1977–2025 · leading case:
Matter of Est. of Decker, 570 P.2d 832 (Colo. 1977).
Matter of Est. of Decker, 570 P.2d 832 (Colo. 1977).
· cites it 10× “The probate court found that the thirty-day limitation had long since expired and that the appellants’ attempt to take advantage of the “lost will” exemption provided by section 15-12-412(1 )(a), C.R.S. 1973 was ineffective since they had full knowledge of the 1961 will at the…”
Scott v. Scott, 119 P.3d 511 (Colo. Ct. App. 2004).
· cites it 2× “4 {unless supervised administration is involved, each proceeding before the court is independent of any other proceeding involving the same estate; proceedings for probate of wills may be combined with proceedings for appointment of personal representatives; a proceeding for…”
In Re Est. of Evarts, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
· cites it 13× “Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.S.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Tally, 654 P.2d 866 (Colo. Ct. App. 1982).
· cites it 8× “1973, states that: “After a final order in a testacy proceeding has been entered, no petition for probate of any other instrument of the decedent may be entertained, except incident to a petition to vacate or modify a previous probate order and subject to the time limits of…”
Mitchem v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 802 P.2d 1141 (Colo. Ct. App. 1990).
· cites it 2× “*1143 In light of this determination, plaintiff is bound by the probate code’s statute of limitations set forth in § 15-12-412, C.R.S. (1987 Repl.Vol. 6B). That statute requires that a petition for vacating a probate court order must be instituted within twelvemonths after the…”
Olson v. Nugent, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
· cites it 11× “Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.8.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
Est. of Higginbotham (Colo. Ct. App. 2025).
· cites it 3× “” In August, the magistrate denied the motion, explaining that she had determined the issue of Higginbotham’s heirs in the February 2018 order and that McGoffney could not seek the redetermination of heirship under section 15-12-412, C.R.S. 2025. The order again noted that it…”
— Colo. Rev. Stat. § 15-12-412(1) — 2 cases
In Re Est. of Evarts, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.S.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
Olson v. Nugent, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.8.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
— Colo. Rev. Stat. § 15-12-412(1)(a) — 3 cases
Matter of Est. of Decker, 570 P.2d 832 (Colo. 1977).
“The probate court found that the thirty-day limitation had long since expired and that the appellants’ attempt to take advantage of the “lost will” exemption provided by section 15-12-412(1 )(a), C.R.S. 1973 was ineffective since they had full knowledge of the 1961 will at the…”
In Re Est. of Evarts, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.S.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
Olson v. Nugent, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.8.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
— Colo. Rev. Stat. § 15-12-412(1)(c)(II1) — 1 case
Olson v. Nugent, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.8.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
— Colo. Rev. Stat. § 15-12-412(1)(c)(III) — 2 cases
In Re Est. of Evarts, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.S.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
Olson v. Nugent, 166 P.3d 161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2007).
“Section 15-12-412(1), C.R.8.2006. However, the court shall entertain a petition for modification or vacation of its order and probate of another will of the decedent if it is shown that the proponents of the later-offered will were unaware of the earlier proceeding and were…”
— Colo. Rev. Stat. § 15-12-412(l)(c)(III) — 1 case
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Tally, 654 P.2d 866 (Colo. Ct. App. 1982).
“1973, states that: “After a final order in a testacy proceeding has been entered, no petition for probate of any other instrument of the decedent may be entertained, except incident to a petition to vacate or modify a previous probate order and subject to the time limits of…”
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