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Florida Statute 48.021 - Full Text and Legal Analysis
Florida Statute 48.021 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
Link to State of Florida Official Statute
F.S. 48.021 Case Law from Google Scholar Google Search for Amendments to 48.021

The 2025 Florida Statutes

Title VI
CIVIL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE
Chapter 48
PROCESS AND SERVICE OF PROCESS
View Entire Chapter
48.021 Process; by whom served.
(1) All process shall be served by the sheriff of the county where the person to be served is found, except nonenforceable civil process, criminal witness subpoenas, and criminal summonses may be served by a special process server appointed by the sheriff as provided in this section or by a certified process server as provided in s. 48.27. Civil witness subpoenas shall be served by any person authorized by rules of civil procedure.
(2)(a) The sheriff of each county may, in his or her discretion, establish an approved list of natural persons designated as special process servers. The sheriff shall add to such list the names of those natural persons who have met the requirements provided for in this section. Each natural person whose name has been added to the approved list is subject to annual recertification and reappointment by the sheriff. The sheriff shall prescribe an appropriate form for application for appointment. A reasonable fee for the processing of the application shall be charged.
(b) A person applying to become a special process server shall:
1. Be at least 18 years of age.
2. Have no mental or legal disability.
3. Be a permanent resident of the state.
4. Submit to a background investigation that includes the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant.
5. Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct that specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years.
6. Submit to an examination testing the applicant’s knowledge of the laws and rules regarding the service of process. The content of the examination and the passing grade thereon, and the frequency and the location at which the examination is offered must be prescribed by the sheriff. The examination must be offered at least once annually.
7. Take an oath that the applicant will honestly, diligently, and faithfully exercise the duties of a special process server.
(c) The sheriff may prescribe additional rules and requirements directly related to subparagraphs (b)1.-7. regarding the eligibility of a person to become a special process server or to have his or her name maintained on the list of special process servers.
(d) An applicant who completes the requirements of this section must be designated as a special process server provided that the sheriff of the county has determined that the appointment of special process servers is necessary or desirable. Each special process server must be issued an identification card bearing his or her identification number, printed name, signature and photograph, and an expiration date. Each identification card must be renewable annually upon proof of good standing.
(e) The sheriff shall have the discretion to revoke an appointment at any time that he or she determines a special process server is not fully and properly discharging the duties as a special process server. The sheriff shall institute a program to determine whether the special process servers appointed as provided for in this section are faithfully discharging their duties pursuant to such appointment, and a reasonable fee may be charged for the costs of administering such program.
(3) A special process server appointed in accordance with this section shall be authorized to serve process in only the county in which the sheriff who appointed him or her resides and may charge a reasonable fee for his or her services.
(4) Any special process server shall be disinterested in any process he or she serves; and if the special process server willfully and knowingly executes a false return of service or otherwise violates the oath of office, he or she shall be guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided for in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084, and shall be permanently barred from serving process in Florida.
History.s. 16, July 22, 1845; s. 1, ch. 3721, 1887; RS 1014, 1246; GS 1401; RGS 2598; s. 1, ch. 9318, 1923; CGL 4238; s. 4, ch. 67-254; s. 12, ch. 73-334; s. 1, ch. 76-263; s. 2, ch. 79-396; s. 1, ch. 81-266; s. 1, ch. 88-135; s. 2, ch. 91-306; s. 268, ch. 95-147; s. 16, ch. 98-34; s. 2, ch. 2009-215; s. 3, ch. 2019-67.
Note.Former s. 47.12.

F.S. 48.021 on Google Scholar

F.S. 48.021 on CourtListener

Amendments to 48.021


Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 48.021
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S48.021 4 - FRAUD - PROCESS SERVER EXECUTE FALSE RETURN OF SERVICE - F: T
S48.021 4 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - PROCESS SERVER OTHERWISE VIOL OATH OF OFFICE - F: T

Cases Citing Statute 48.021

Total Results: 47  |  Sort by: Relevance  |  Newest First

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John Coffin v. Stacy Brandau, 642 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2011).

Cited 207 times | Published | Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit | 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 11353, 2011 WL 2162997

...12.160(c)(3)(A) (“A temporary injunction for protection against . . . repeat violence . . . must be personally served.”) (emphasis added). By contrast, service of other documents need not be served by a law enforcement officer. See Fla. Stat. Ann. § 48.021 (outlining the 12 general guidelines for who may serve process).10 Section 784.046 also provides, with respect to restraining orders concerning repeat violence, that after the clerk of court fu...
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Re-Emp. Servs., Ltd. v. NLAC, 969 So. 2d 467 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007).

Cited 47 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2007 WL 3390911

summons and complaint for service, as required by section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2006). Contending that the
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Gonzalez v. Totalbank, 472 So. 2d 861 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985).

Cited 32 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 10 Fla. L. Weekly 1745, 1985 Fla. App. LEXIS 14997

and informing the person of their contents." Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (1979) requires those serving
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Lance Koster v. Carol Sullivan, 160 So. 3d 385 (Fla. 2015).

Cited 28 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 40 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 63, 2015 Fla. LEXIS 203, 2015 WL 463509

ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE FACIAL LANGUAGE OF SECTION 48.21 DEFINING INVALID SERVICE? Id. at
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Robles-Martinez v. Diaz, Reus & Targ, LLP, 88 So. 3d 177 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011).

Cited 16 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2011 Fla. App. LEXIS 12980, 2011 WL 3586179

information required by the applicable statute: Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (1979) requires those serving
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Warren v. Capuano, 269 So. 2d 380 (Fla. 4th DCA 1972).

Cited 15 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

...in case of insolvent defendants. The appellee also relies on Section 142.09, Florida Statutes, F.S.A., as authority to require the county to pay for witness fees if a nolle prosequi has been entered. In considering the provisions of Florida Statute § 48.021, F.S.A., the appellee may be reimbursed the cost of private process service in Dade County....
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Space Coast Credit Union v. the First, FA, 467 So. 2d 737 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985).

Cited 13 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 10 Fla. L. Weekly 823, 1985 Fla. App. LEXIS 13221

...If the court fails to acquire jurisdiction over the defendant in the proper manner, its judgment is void. See Johnson v. Clark, 145 Fla. 258, 198 So. 842 (1940); McGhee v. Wilkins, 31 Fla. 83, 12 So. 228 (1893). In this case, the judgment creditor attempted actual service of process on the garnishee. Section 48.021, Florida Statutes (1983), states that all process shall be served by the sheriff of the county where the person to be served is found or by a special process server appointed by the sheriff, except for witness subpoenas which may be se...
...to the lower echelon employee of the garnishee bank. The agent's return affidavit was a form affidavit used to prove service of a witness subpoena. The record on appeal does not indicate that process was served in compliance with the requirements of section 48.021 or by court order pursuant to Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.070(b)....
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Warren v. Capuano, 282 So. 2d 873 (Fla. 1973).

Cited 13 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida

...n 9, Article XVI became a statute pursuant to Section 10, Article XII of the schedule of the 1968 constitutional revision). The District Court also referred to and discussed the application of F.S. Sections 939.06, 939.07 and 939.08, Section 142.09, Section 48.021, and Chapter 942, F.S.A., to this case....
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Lennar Homes v. Gabb Const. Servs., 654 So. 2d 649 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995).

Cited 11 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 1995 Fla. App. LEXIS 5039, 1995 WL 271451

...s answer and to quash service of process. [2] At the second hearing on this motion, Lennar's counsel admitted that service of process had been defective because the process server who had served Gabb was not a person authorized to serve process. See § 48.021(1)-(2)(a), Fla....
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Abbate v. Provident Nat. Bank, 631 So. 2d 312 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994).

Cited 9 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 1994 WL 12396

...These statutes governing service of process are to be strictly construed to insure that a defendant receives notice of the proceedings. Henzel v. Noel, 598 So.2d 220 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992). The burden of proving the validity of service of process is on the plaintiff. Id. Section 48.021(1), Florida Statutes, establishes three categories of persons by whom process may be served in Florida....
...Upon filing an action in circuit or county court, a person may select from the list one or more certified process servers to serve initial nonenforceable civil process. (3) Nothing herein shall be interpreted to exclude a sheriff or deputy or other person appointed by the sheriff pursuant to s. 48.021 from serving process or to exclude a person from appointment by individual motion and order to serve process in any civil action in accordance with Rule 1.070(b) of the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure....
...'s approved list of certified process servers. The plaintiff argues that the narrow construction of section 48.27 could not have been intended but fails to offer a cogent explanation of the underlined language. The plaintiff asserts that since under section 48.021 process can be served by the sheriff of the county where the person to be served is found, a certified process server should be able to be used whenever service is to be made on a person found in the circuit where the process server is certified....
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Petition of Stoll, 309 So. 2d 190 (Fla. 1st DCA 1975).

Cited 6 times | Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal

...Appeal was timely filed to which the Circuit Court of the Fourth Judicial Circuit and the Sheriff of Duval County responded, moving for dismissal of the appeal. The respondents urge that the Sheriff, and his duly qualified deputies, are the only persons qualified to serve process, citing F.S. 48.021 which provides as follows: "All process shall be served by the sheriff of the county where the person to be served is found, but witness subpoenas may also be served by any person authorized by rules of procedure." Appellants contend that R...
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Vives v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 128 So. 3d 9 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012).

Cited 6 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 2400891, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 10393

provided in this section. (emphasis added). Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2009), which is titled “Return
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Vidal v. SunTrust Bank, 41 So. 3d 401 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010).

Cited 6 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2010 Fla. App. LEXIS 11288, 2010 WL 3023386

...Nevertheless, where other requirements for service of process, which do not directly implicate due process, have been violated, courts still have determined that service is defective, and no jurisdiction has been obtained over the defendant. For instance, section 48.021 provides who may serve process....
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Schneiderman v. Cantor, 546 So. 2d 51 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 1989 WL 69114

return had originally stated the omitted facts. § 48.21, Fla. Stat. (1987). On October 6, 1987, appellant's
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Decker v. Kaplus, 763 So. 2d 1229 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000).

Cited 5 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 2000 WL 707290

...process was served within the same circuit, see, e.g., Abbate v. Provident National Bank, 631 So.2d 312 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994). [1] The process server also lacked the credentials of a "special process server" in Lake County pursuant to Florida Statutes section 48.021(3). See, e.g., Cheshire v. Birenbaum, 688 So.2d 430 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997). Although the service upon the Deckers was defective because the process server was not qualified under the former version of section 48.27 or section 48.021(3), Florida Statute (1996), it was not void....
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Koster v. Sullivan, 103 So. 3d 882 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 2012 WL 4798610, 2012 Fla. App. LEXIS 17423

service of process. Because a strict reading of section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2010), supports the trial
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Seymour Ex Rel. Williams v. Panchita Inv., Inc., 28 So. 3d 194 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010).

Cited 3 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2010 Fla. App. LEXIS 2097, 2010 WL 624129

to amend the return of service pursuant to section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2004). • August 6, 2009:
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Cannella v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 801 So. 2d 94 (Fla. 2001).

Cited 2 times | Published | Supreme Court of Florida | 26 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 754, 2001 Fla. LEXIS 2273, 2001 WL 1422463

...There, the Deckers had contended that, because the service of process on them was defective, the default judgment was void as a matter of law. The Fifth District disagreed: Although the service upon the Deckers was defective because the process server was not qualified under the former version of section 48.27 or section 48.021(3), Florida Statute[s] (1996), it was not void....
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Coutts v. Sabadell United Bank, N.A., 199 So. 3d 1099 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal | 2016 Fla. App. LEXIS 13419, 2016 WL 4645513

the return of service of process provision (section 48.21(1), Florida Statutes (2015)) 2 ,
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Murphy v. Cach, LLC, 230 So. 3d 599 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017).

Cited 1 times | Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal

substitute service did not strictly comply with section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2015), as it does .not provide
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Tetley v. Lett, 462 So. 2d 1126 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984).

Cited 1 times | Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida | 1984 Fla. App. LEXIS 13657

of service. The summons was apparently lost. Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (1981), provides: 48.21 Return
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David Davidian & Irma Davidian v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, Nat'l Ass'n, 178 So. 3d 45 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2015 Fla. App. LEXIS 14930, 2015 WL 5827124

that the returns .of service complied with section 48.21(1), Florida Statutes (2015), which provides:
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Jonathan Michael Schuler v. Sandy T. Fox, P.A. (Fla. 3d DCA 2022).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

includes the statutory factors contained in section 48.21, Florida Statutes: The party
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Sims v. Meredith, 967 So. 2d 393 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 2007 WL 3033498

...Pete McNabb, who Sims believed owed money to the Merediths. The writs were served by certified process servers. McNabb moved to quash service of process on the grounds that such process must be served by a sheriff's deputy. The trial judge agreed and quashed service of both writs. We reverse. Section 48.021, Florida Statutes (2003) and (2005), provides all process will be served by a sheriff except for initial non-enforceable civil process....
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Densyl Alexis Diaz Rodriguez v. Hsbc Bank USA, Nat'l Ass'n, as Tr. Etc. (Fla. 4th DCA 2022).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal

128 So. 3d 9, 15–16 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012). Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2018), states that service
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Tamara Carus v. Cove at Isles at Bayshore Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. (Fla. 3d DCA 2022).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

informing the person of their contents. Section 48.21, Florida Statutes, in turn, governs return of
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Timothy Gibson v. Star Collision & Towing, LLC (Fla. 2d DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal

statutory factors contained in section 48.21." Id. Section 48.21(1), Florida Statutes (2021), provides
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Khambaty v. Lepine, 734 So. 2d 1183 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida | 1999 Fla. App. LEXIS 8642, 1999 WL 434866

name of the person on whom it was executed. See § 48.21, Fla. Stat. (1995). Because the summons in the
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Coffin v. Brandau, 614 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir. 2011).

Published | Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

...12.160(c)(3)(A) (“A temporary injunction for protection against . . . repeat violence . . . must be personally served.”) (emphasis added). By contrast, service of other documents need not be served by a law enforcement officer. See Fla. Stat. Ann. § 48.021 (outlining the 12 general guidelines for who may serve process).10 Section 784.046 also provides, with respect to restraining orders concerning repeat violence, that after the clerk of court fu...
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Coffin v. Brandau, 614 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir. 2011).

Published | Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

...12.160(c)(3)(A) (“A temporary injunction for protection against . . . repeat violence . . . must be personally served.”) (emphasis added). By contrast, service of other documents need not be served by a law enforcement officer. See Fla. Stat. Ann. § 48.021 (outlining the 12 general guidelines for who may serve process).10 Section 784.046 also provides, with respect to restraining orders concerning repeat violence, that after the clerk of court fu...
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James Matthews & Roberta Matthews v. U.S. Bank, Nat'l Ass'n, etc., 197 So. 3d 1140 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2016 Fla. App. LEXIS 10027, 2016 WL 3541007

S. -, 136 S.Ct. 164, 193 L.Ed.2d 45 (2015). Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2014), identifies “four facts
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Frank Romeo & Connie Yang v. US Bank Nat'l Ass'n, 144 So. 3d 585 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2014 WL 3729907, 2014 Fla. App. LEXIS 11608

residing together in the same dwelling. Section 48.21, Florida Statutes (2013), governs returns of
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Ago (Fla. Att'y Gen. 1978).

Published | Florida Attorney General Reports

...ided in subsection (2) to have written notice served on the power in conformance with Ch. 48, F. S. Chapter 48 relates exclusively to service of civil process, and requires service by the sheriff or a special process server appointed by the sheriff. Section 48.021 , F....
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Sadlak v. Nationstar Mortg., 252 So. 3d 302 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

“Return of execution of process” statute (section 48.21). See Vives v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 128
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Ago (Fla. Att'y Gen. 1986).

Published | Florida Attorney General Reports

...V (Supreme Court marshall may deputize sheriff for execution of process of the court). Note also, s. 901.10 , F.S. (providing that a summons in a criminal case shall be served in the same manner as a summons in a civil action), and see, ss. 48.011 , and 48.021 , F.S. Section 48.021 expressly provides that all process under that chapter "shall be served by the sheriff," or by a special process server appointed by him pursuant to the requirements of s. 48.021 (2), (3) and (4). See also, s. 48.195 , F.S. (service of foreign process by sheriff). Compare, earlier version of s. 48.021 , F.S., 1967, that authorized "constable of the district" to serve process....
...fficers the authority to execute process of the courts. Attorney General Opinion 81-38; s. 166.021 (3)(b), F.S. 2 See also, Bradley Fiduciary v. Cit. So. Intern. Bank, 431 So.2d 196 (3 D.C.A.Fla., 1983) (service of process a procedural matter and if s. 48.021 [2] conflicts on procedural point with R....
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Ago (Fla. Att'y Gen. 1989).

Published | Florida Attorney General Reports

The Honorable R.B. Shore Clerk of the Circuit Court Manatee County Post Office Box 1000 Bradenton, Florida 34206 Dear Mr. Shore: You have asked substantially the following question: What constitutes "initial nonenforceable civil process" pursuant to s. 48.021 , F.S., as amended by s. 1, Ch. 88-135, Laws of Florida? In sum: "Initial nonenforceable civil process" is that initial civil process which is not required by statute to be served by the sheriff. Section 48.021 (1), F.S., as amended by s....
...Such process appears to be that which is not capable of being compelled or carried out. The Florida Certified Process Server Act, supra, provides: Nothing herein shall be interpreted to exclude a sheriff or deputy or other person appointed by the sheriff pursuant to s. 48.021 from serving process or to exclude a person from appointment by individual motion and order to serve process in any civil action in accordance with Rule 1.070(b) of the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure....
...48.091 (1), F.S., should be read together with other statutes relating to service of process to determine the scope and operation of the amended statute. 14 While this office cannot list each writ or process which may be served by a special process server pursuant to s. 48.021 (1), F.S., as amended by s....
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SDS-IC v. Florida Concentrates Int'l, LLC, 157 So. 3d 389 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015).

Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal | 2015 Fla. App. LEXIS 1232, 2015 WL 403999

Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters.” Section 48.21(1) provides that the required return-of-service
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Sutor v. Cochran, 687 So. 2d 897 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida | 1997 Fla. App. LEXIS 303, 1997 WL 30814

scope of a sheriffs authority, pursuant to section 48.021, Florida Statutes (1993), to regulate special
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Esther Kassin v. 3909 Ponce De Leon LLC (Fla. 3d DCA 2025).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

failed to include the factors mandated under section 48.21(1), Florida Statutes (2023). See id. (“Each
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Cheshire v. Birenbaum, 688 So. 2d 430 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997).

Published | Florida 5th District Court of Appeal | 1997 Fla. App. LEXIS 1572, 1997 WL 80350

...ty. Cheshire moved to dismiss for insufficient service of process, specifically alleging that the process server was not authorized to serve him in Alachua County. In both cases, the trial court denied the motions to dismiss, and in doing so, erred. Section 48.021(3), Florida Statutes (1995), provides that “[a] special process server appointed in accordance with this section shall be authorized to serve process in only the county in which the sheriff who appointed him or her resides_” (Emphasis added)....
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Russell v. Zulla, 556 So. 2d 1241 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990).

Published | District Court of Appeal of Florida | 1990 Fla. App. LEXIS 1058, 1990 WL 15392

where the process server failed to comply with section 48.21, Florida Statutes and Florida Rule of Civil
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Timothy Wu v. Matias Alem (Fla. 3d DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

service are facially regular and compliant with section 48.21, Florida Statutes. Alem failed to respond,
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Kevin Christopher Corridon v. Grace-elizabeth Carolyn Corridon (Fla. 3d DCA 2021).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

the return- of-service form described in [section] 48.21, or any other competent evidence in determining
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Janet Mauro & Dennis Quinn v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 180 So. 3d 1083 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015).

Published | Florida 4th District Court of Appeal | 2015 Fla. App. LEXIS 18015, 2015 WL 7752675

*1085 all the information which section 48.21(1), Florida Statutes (2012), requires:
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East Coast Recovery, Inc. v. Patricia Holmes, A/K/A Patricia Hevia (Fla. 3d DCA 2025).

Published | Florida 3rd District Court of Appeal

demonstrate that the return of service is, under section 48.21, facially valid or regular on its face.” Koster
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Bradley Fiduciary Corp. v. Citizens & S. Int'l Bank, 431 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983).

Published | Florida 1st District Court of Appeal | 1983 Fla. App. LEXIS 19231

a matter of procedure. To the extent that Section 48.021(2),3 Florida Statutes (1981), may conflict
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Kmg Props., LLC v. Owl Constr., LLC (Fla. 2d DCA 2024).

Published | Florida 2nd District Court of Appeal

Sullivan, 160 So. 3d 385, 388 (Fla. 2015). Section 48.21(1) defines valid return of service:

This Florida statute resource is curated by Graham W. Syfert, Esq., a Jacksonville, Florida personal injury and workers' compensation attorney. For legal consultation, call 904-383-7448.