The 2022 Florida Statutes (including 2022 Special Session A and 2023 Special Session B)
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A note's holder has standing to enforce the note. § 673.3011(1), Fla. Stat. (2017). We have held that "to be a holder, the instrument must be payable to the person in possession or indorsed in blank." U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n v. Becker, 211 So.3d 142, 144 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
The crux of the dispute is whether Trustee proved that it had standing when it first filed its foreclosure complaint. See Schmidt v. Deutsche Bank, 170 So.3d 938, 940 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) ("[T]he burden is on the party seeking foreclosure to prove by substantial competent evidence that it has standing." (citing Boyd v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 143 So.3d 1128, 1129 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014))). To prove standing, a party must show that it is "(1) [t]he holder of the instrument; (2) [a] nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder; or (3) [a] person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to s. 673.3091 or s. 673.4181(4)." See § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2008); Deutsche Bank Nat'l Tr. Co. v. Marciano, 190 So.3d 166, 168 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016).
Here, Plaintiff's complaint seeks foreclosure exclusively under Florida Statute § 673.3011. (Doc. 8 at 5). The complaint raises no federal claims, cites no federal statutes, and relies on no federal rules. Thus, under the well-pleaded complaint rule, this action does not present a federal question. Although Defendant's notice of removal cites federal statutes and appears to reference defenses based on federal law, that is insufficient to confer federal question jurisdiction because the complaint is exclusively based on state law.The Court, therefore, does not have federal subject matter jurisdiction over this action.
Affirmed. See Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n v. McFadyen, 194 So.3d 418, 419-20 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (citing section 673.3011 of the Florida Statutes, observing that "[p]romissory notes are, by definition, negotiable instruments which, by law, may be enforced by a holder, a nonholder in possession who has the rights of the holder, or a person not in possession who nevertheless is entitled to enforce the note"); § 671.201(21)(a), Fla. Stat. (2017) ("'Holder' means . . . [t]he person in possession of a negotiable instrument that is payable either to bearer or to an identified person that is the person in possession[.]"); see also First Nat'l Entm't Corp. v. Brumlik, 531 So.2d 403, 404 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988) ("Failure of consideration is a personal defense which cannot be asserted by the maker of a negotiable instrument against a holder in due course."); § 673.3051(2), Fla. Stat. (2017) ("The right of a holder in due course to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument . . . is not subject to defenses of the obligor stated in paragraph (1)(b)[.]").
Affirmed. See Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n v. McFadyen, 194 So. 3d 418, 419-20 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (citing section 673.3011 of the Florida Statutes, observing that "[p]romissory notes are, by definition, negotiable instruments which, by law, may be enforced by a holder, a nonholder in possession who has the rights of the holder, or a person not in possession who nevertheless is entitled to enforce the note"); § 671.201(21)(a), Fla. Stat. (2017) (" ‘Holder’ means ... [t]he person in possession of a negotiable instrument that is payable either to bearer or to an identified person that is the person in possession[.]"); see also First Nat'l Entm't Corp. v. Brumlik, 531 So. 2d 403, 404 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988) ("Failure of consideration is a personal defense which cannot be asserted by the maker of a negotiable instrument against a holder in due course."); § 673.3051(2), Fla. Stat. (2017) ("The right of a holder in due course to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument ... is not subject to defenses of the obligor stated in paragraph (1)(b)[.]").
In the instant case, Nationstar entered the original note—containing an endorsement in blank—into evidence at trial via a records custodian. By entering the blank endorsed note into evidence, Nationstar established that, at the time of trial, it was the holder of the instrument entitled to enforcement, and—as the instrument's holder—Nationstar was the party to whom Faramarz remained obligated. See § 673.3011, Fla. Stat ; MTGLQ Invs., L.P. , 312 So. 3d at 991. Consequently, contractual privity existed between Nationstar and Faramarz.
The operative complaint alleged the Trust was "entitled to enforce the Promissory Note as the owner and holder, pursuant to Section 673.3011, Florida Statutes." The note contained an indorsement in blank. In her answer, Nicolas denied this allegation and raised the affirmative defense that the Trust lacked standing. On October 29, 2020, the trial court entered a final summary judgment of foreclosure. Nicolas did not appeal that final judgment. The trial court took custody of, and canceled, the original note.
On December 22, 2016, U.S. Bank N.A., successor Trustee to Bank of America, N.A., successor in interest to LaSalle Bank N.A., on behalf of the holders of the WaMu Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2005-AR15 (the "Plaintiff Trust"), filed a foreclosure action against Llovet. After amendments, the operative July 20, 2017 complaint consisted of one foreclosure count. Attached was a copy of the note with a signed, undated indorsement reading: "Pay to the order of _____ Without Recourse Washington Mutual Bank, FA by Cynthia Riley, Vice President." Referring to the attachment, the Plaintiff Trust alleged it was "the holder in possession of the blank-endorsed original Note and Mortgage at the time this action was commenced on December 22, 2016, and pursuant to section 673.3011, Florida Statutes, is entitled to enforce the Note and Mortgage." In the operative August 10, 2017 amended answer, Llovet made a general denial of all allegations in the complaint and raised lack of standing as an affirmative defense. After the case was placed on a trial calendar, the parties settled. Llovet agreed to the entry of a consent judgment of foreclosure in return for the Plaintiff…
Section 673.6041(1), Florida Statutes (2019), is the equivalent of UCC § 3 -604a and provides in relevant part that "[a] person entitled to enforce an instrument, with or without consideration, may discharge the obligation of a party to pay the instrument ... [b]y an intentional voluntary act, such as ... striking out of the party's signature." § 673.6041(1)(a)(3) (emphasis added). Maas maintains that she was the "person entitled to enforce" the note. Section 673.3011(1) defines "[t]he term "person entitled to enforce" an instrument" to include "[t]he holder of the instrument."
U.S. Bank entered the blank endorsed note at trial. See §§ 673.3011(1), 671.201(21)(a), Fla. Stat. (2016).
. . . See § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2018). . . .
. . . negotiable, the bank could not establish its standing as the holder of the instrument pursuant to section 673.3011 . . . HSBC Bank USA , 157 So.3d 355, 358 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (recognizing that pursuant to section 673.3011 . . .
. . . . § 673.3011. . . .
. . . This interpretation is bolstered by the language of section 673.3011, Florida Statutes. . . . ." § 673.3011(3), Fla. Stat. . . . Accordingly, sections 673.3011 and 673.3091 make clear that the right to enforce a lost note, in the . . . Pursuant to section 673.3011, Deutsche Bank had to demonstrate that it was the proper holder of the note . . . that it complied with section 673.3091 to show that it was the holder of the note pursuant to section 673.3011 . . .
. . . original plaintiff-failed to present legally sufficient evidence that it had standing under section 673.3011 . . .
. . . original note secured by the mortgage and [was] entitled to foreclosure pursuant to Florida Statute 673.3011 . . . entitled to enforce a negotiable instrument such as the promissory note at issue in this appeal. § 673.3011 . . .
. . . Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2013), negotiable instruments may be enforced by a holder, . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2014). . . .
. . . ." § 673.3011. . . . endorsed in blank with Appellant's name stamped in the blank endorsement field, which, paired with section 673.3011 . . .
. . . ." § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2016). . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2016). Here, the original lender was Washington Mutual Bank. . . .
. . . Mellon, 165 So.3d 44, 46 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) (citing § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013) ). . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2016) (emphasis added). . . .
. . . Accordingly, BONY’s status as a holder or other person entitled to enforce the note, pursuant to section 673.3011 . . .
. . . . § 673.3011(1), Fla. Stat. (2015). . . .
. . . .; see also §§ 671.201(21), 673.3011, Fla. Stat. . . .
. . . See § 673.3011, Fla. . . . See § 673.3011(1), (2); Creadon v. U.S. Bank N.A., 166 So.3d 952, 954 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015). . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(1), Fla. Stat. (2008); see, e.g., Russell v. . . . specifically contended that it was a nonholder in possession with the rights of a holder under section 673.3011 . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(1), Fla. Stat. (2014). . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013). . . . another entity may have been the owner of the Note has no bearing on JPMorgan’s status as holder. § 673.3011 . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2015). . . .
. . . . § 673.3011(1)-(3), Fla. Stat. (2015). . . .
. . . negotiated in favor of the [Bank] and the [Bank] never became the holder of the note under Florida Statute § 673.3011 . . .
. . . Mellon, 165 So.3d 44, 46 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015) (citing § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013)). . . .
. . . PennyMac Corp. is entitled to enforce the mortgage and mortgage note pursuant to Florida Statutes § 673.3011 . . . Section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2012), addresses the question of how one may qualify as a person . . . affidavit undercut and contradicted the theory advanced in the complaint that it qualified under section 673.3011 . . .
. . . HSBC Bank USA, 157 So.3d 355, 358 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (quoting § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013)). . . .
. . . 673.5011; and (2) if Defendant cannot meet the requirements to enforce the Loan under Florida Statutes, §§ 673.3011 . . . Similarly, Plaintiff has cited no authority to support the proposition that Florida Statutes, §§ 673.3011 . . .
. . . JP Morgan Chase Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 79 So.3d 170, 173 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012); see also § 673.3011, Fla. . . .
. . . The requirement emanates from section 673.3011 of the Uniform Commercial Code as adopted in this state . . . See § 673.3011, Fla. . . . .”); see also § 673.3011(1), Fla. . . . complaint, U.S, Bank alleged that it was the holder of this note entitled to enforce it pursuant to section 673.3011 . . .
. . . . § 673.3011(1) & (2), Fla. Stat. (2009). . . .
. . . in-dorsement; PSA not sufficient proof that trustee held indorsed note on date complaint filed); see also § 673.3011 . . .
. . . Bank National Association, 173 So.3d 1045, 1046 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015), stated: Under section 673.3011, Florida . . .
. . . Lippi, 78 So.3d 81 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012); see also § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. . . .
. . . . §§ 673.3011, 673.3091, Fla. Stat. (2016) (emphasis added). . . . See §§ 673.3011, 673.3091, Fla. Stat. (2015). . . .
. . . Section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2014), defines a person entitled to enforce an instrument as “(1) . . . instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to s. 673.3091 or s. 673.4181(4).” § 673.3011 . . .
. . . It alleged that it was entitled to enforce the note, pursuant to section 673.3011(1), Florida Statutes . . . the bank assigned the note and mortgage to Maxim, the bank met the holder requirements under section 673.3011 . . . though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.” § 673.3011 . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(1); Brindise v. U.S. . . . Cf. § 673.3011 (identifying the three categories of persons entitled to enforce a note); Rodriguez, 178 . . . See § 673.3011(1); Brindise, 183 So.3d at 1219. . . . Rodriguez, 178 So.3d at 66 (Conner, J., concurring); see § 673.3011; Snyder v. . . .
. . . Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2010), a person entitled to enforce h note and foreclose on . . .
. . . Id, at 357-58 (citing § 673.3011(2), Fla. Stat.). . . . instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to s. 673.3091 or s. 673.4181(4).” § 673.3011 . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013). . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011, ;Fla, Stat. (2014); see Mazine v. . . . though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument ” § 673.3011 . . . who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to sfeetion] 673.3091 or sfeetion] 673.4181(4).” § 673.3011 . . . “[N]othing in [section 673.3011] allows an ‘owner’ to enforce the note without possession, except where . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2010). . . .
. . . . § 673.3011(1), (2). . . . Stat. § 673.3011(1), the .holder of the Note is entitled to enforce the Note. . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat.. (2010). . . .
. . . Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2011), a person entitled to enforce the note and foreclose . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2008). . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2015). . . . See § 673.3011(3), Fla., Stat. (2015). . . . See § 673.3011(1), Fla. . . . enforce the note at the time the original was lost, it satisfied all of the requirements of section 673.3011 . . . By contrast, as already set forth herein, this matter concerns application of section 673.3011(3) and . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(1), Fla. . . .
. . . Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2012), the holder of a note has standing to foreclose. . . . See § 673.3011. AFFIRMED. PALMER and EDWARDS, JJ., concur. . . . .
. . . So.3d 1106 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015), we explained: The requirements for standing are provided in section 673.3011 . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(1), Fla. . . . constructive possession of the note and standing to file a complaint for foreclosure as a holder under section 673.3011 . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013). . . .
. . . See § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. .(2015); Rodriguez, 178 So.3d at 67 (Conner, J., concurring). . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(2), Fla. Stat. (2014); Creadon v. U.S. . . .
. . . specificity the factual basis by which the claimant is a person entitled to enforce the note'under section 673.3011 . . . (name of non-holder).. who is not the holder but is entitled-to enforce the note under section 673.3011 . . . It is also designed to conform to section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2013), except that part of section . . . 673.3011, Florida Statutes, which defines a person entitled to enforce an instrument under section 673.3091 . . .
. . . This court has previously determined: Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2013), a person entitled . . .
. . . . § 673.3011(l)-(3), Fla. Stat. (2011). . . .
. . . The requirements for standing are provided in section 673.3011, Florida Statutes, (2009), as follows: . . . though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument. § 673.3011 . . . This argument would place GreenTree under subsection (1) of section 673.3011 because the statutes define . . .
. . . its own entitlement to enforce the note on the date'of trial, under any of the provisions of section 673.3011 . . . thus Wells Fargo’s, entitlement to reestablish' a lost note and then enforce that note under sections 673.3011 . . . Likewise, Wachovia could not have been entitled to enforce tire note under section 673.3011(2) as "a . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2010). . . . though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is 'wrongful possession of the instrument” § 673.3011 . . . the plain-, tiff has the rights of a .holder. §§ 671.201(21); 671.2011(1); 673.2031(1), (2), and (3); 673.3011 . . .
. . . See §§ 673.3011(1), 673.2051(2), Fla. Stat. (2012); Kiefert v. Nationstar Mortg. . . .
. . . . § 673.3011(1)-(3), Fla. Stat. (2013). . . .
. . . “[a] person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument .... ” § 673.3011 . . .
. . . Section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2009), provides who may enforce a negotiable instrument, such as . . .
. . . Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2014), a person entitled to enforce a negotiable instrument . . . Bank attempted to prove it had standing under section 673.3011(2) as a nonholder in possession of the . . . See § 673.3011(1). . . .
. . . M & I Bank, 67 So.3d 1129, 1131 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011); see also § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2008). . . . Section 673.3011 also provides that in certain circumstances a person not in possession of the instrument . . .
. . . might have been sufficient to prove that Aurora was entitled to enforce the instrument, under section 673.3011 . . .
. . . Under section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2013), a person entitled to enforce the note and foreclose . . .
. . . .”); § 673.3011, Fla. . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2013). . . . had rights of enforcement pursuant to a Maryland statute that employs the same language as section 673.3011 . . .
. . . a holder and is entitled to enforce the terms of the Note and Mortgage, pursuant to Florida Statute 673.3011 . . . who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to s[ection] 673.3091 or section] 673.4181(4).” § 673.3011 . . . HSBC did not qualify under section 673.3011(1) or (3). . . . HSBC was thus left to enforce the note under section 673.3011(2) as a non-holder in possession of the . . . had rights of enforcement pursuant to a Maryland statute that employs the same language as section 673.3011 . . .
. . . Although BAC argues that its predecessor, Taylor Bean, had standing under section 673.3011(2), Florida . . .
. . . Section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2013), defines who may enforce a negotiable instrument and enforce . . . The last sentence of section 673.3011 makes it clear that possession of the instrument is more important . . . Chase attempted to allege entitlement to enforce the note under two statutory subsections: subsections 673.3011 . . . paid or accepted by mistake, in which case enforcement without possession is allowed under section 673.3011 . . . See §§ 673.3011(1) and (2), Fla. Stat. (2014). . . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(2)-(3), Fla. Stat. (2010); Mazine v. . . .
. . . specificity the factual basis by which the claimant is a person entitled to enforce the note under section 673.3011 . . . It is also designed to conform to section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2013), except that part of section . . . 673.3011, Florida Statutes, which defines a person entitled to enforce an instrument under section 673.3091 . . .
. . . record contains no proof by Ocwen that it had standing under any of the means established by section 673.3011 . . .
. . . contains no assertion or proof by Deutsche Bank of its standing under any means identified in section 673.3011 . . .
. . . and “Plaintiff is now entitled to enforce Mortgage and Mortgage Note pursuant to Florida Statutes § 673.3011 . . . though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument. § 673.3011 . . . and “Plaintiff is now entitled to enforce Mortgage and Mortgage Note pursuant to Florida Statutes § 673.3011 . . . endorsed in blank with Appellant’s name stamped in the blank endorsement field, which, paired with section 673.3011 . . .
. . . A plaintiff may also establish standing by any means identified in section 673.3011, Florida Statutes . . .
. . . (citing § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2009)). . . .
. . . to enforce a negotiable instrument such as a note is the “ ‘holder of the instrument.’ ” (quoting § 673.3011 . . .
. . . See § 673.3011(2), Fla. Stat. (2011); Taylor v. . . .
. . . Florida Statute § 673.3011 defines the “person entitled to enforce” a negotiable instrument as: (1) The . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011(1), Fla. Stat. (2008). . . . blank indorsement made Aurora Loan the “holder” of the note entitled to enforce it. §§ 673.2011(1), 673.3011 . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. . . . .
. . . Section 673.3011 defines who may enforce an instrument: The term “person entitled to enforce” an instrument . . .
. . . See § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2009); Taylor v. Deutsche Bank Nat. . . .
. . . . § 673.3011 states: The term “person entitled to enforce” an instrument means: (1) the holder of the . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, and thus could foreclose on the mortgage, because it provided sufficient evidence of its . . .
. . . .” § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (2009). . . . blank indorsement made Aurora Loan the “holder" of the note entitled to enforce it. §§ 673.2011(1), 673.3011 . . .
. . . We begin our consideration of this case with section 673.3011, Florida Statutes (2009). . . . Taylor, grants to MERS the status of a nonholder in possession as that position is defined by section 673.3011 . . .
. . . . §§ 673.2011(1), 673.3011(1), Fla. Stat. (2008). There is no issue of authentication. . . .
. . . . § 673.3011, Fla. Stat. (1993). . . .