Minnesota Statutes

Minn. Stat. § 609.902 (2026)

Definitions

✓ current as of May 2026

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Subdivision 1.Definitions.

As used in sections 609.901 to 609.912, the following terms have the meanings given them.

Subd. 2.Criminal proceeding.

"Criminal proceeding" means a criminal proceeding begun under section 609.903.

Subd. 3.Enterprise.

"Enterprise" means a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, trust, or other legal entity, or a union, governmental entity, association, or group of persons, associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes illicit as well as legitimate enterprises.

Subd. 4.Criminal act.

"Criminal act" means conduct constituting, or a conspiracy or attempt to commit, a felony violation of chapter 152, or a felony violation of section 299F.79; 299F.80; 299F.82; 609.185; 609.19; 609.195; 609.20; 609.205; 609.221; 609.222; 609.223; 609.2231; 609.228; 609.235; 609.245; 609.25; 609.27; 609.322; 609.342; 609.343; 609.344; 609.345; 609.42; 609.48; 609.485; 609.495; 609.496; 609.497; 609.498; 609.52, subdivision 2, if the offense is punishable under subdivision 3, clause (1), if the property is a firearm, clause (3)(b), or clause (3)(d)(v); section 609.52, subdivision 2, paragraph (a), clause (1) or (4); 609.527, if the crime is punishable under subdivision 3, clause (4); 609.528, if the crime is punishable under subdivision 3, clause (4); 609.53; 609.561; 609.562; 609.582, subdivision 1 or 2; 609.668, subdivision 6, paragraph (a); 609.67; 609.687; 609.713; 609.86; 609.894, subdivision 3 or 4; 609.895; 624.713; 624.7191; or 626A.02, subdivision 1, if the offense is punishable under section 626A.02, subdivision 4, paragraph (a). "Criminal act" also includes conduct constituting, or a conspiracy or attempt to commit, a felony violation of section 609.52, subdivision 2, clause (3), (4), (15), or (16), if the violation involves an insurance company as defined in section 60A.02, subdivision 4, a nonprofit health service plan corporation regulated under chapter 62C, a health maintenance organization regulated under chapter 62D, or a fraternal benefit society regulated under chapter 64B.

Subd. 5.Participation in a pattern of criminal activity.

A person "participates in a pattern of criminal activity" when the person is a principal with respect to conduct constituting at least three of the criminal acts included in the pattern and two of the acts constitute felonies other than conspiracy.

Subd. 6.Pattern of criminal activity.

"Pattern of criminal activity" means conduct constituting three or more criminal acts that:

(1) were committed within ten years of the commencement of the criminal proceeding;

(2) are neither isolated incidents, nor so closely related and connected in point of time or circumstance of commission as to constitute a single criminal offense; and

(3) were either: (i) related to one another through a common scheme or plan or a shared criminal purpose or (ii) committed, solicited, requested, importuned, or intentionally aided by persons acting with the mental culpability required for the commission of the criminal acts and associated with or in an enterprise involved in those activities.

Subd. 7.Personal property.

"Personal property" includes personal property, an interest in personal property, or a right, including a bank account, debt, corporate stock, patent, or copyright. Personal property and a beneficial interest in personal property are deemed to be located where the trustee is, the personal property is, or the instrument evidencing the right is.

Subd. 8.Principal.

"Principal" means a person who personally engages in conduct constituting a violation or who is criminally liable under section 609.05 for the conduct of another constituting a violation.

Subd. 9.Prosecuting authority.

"Prosecuting authority" means the office of a county attorney or office of the attorney general.

Subd. 10.Real property.

"Real property" means any real property or an interest in real property, including a lease of, or mortgage on, real property. A beneficial interest in real property is deemed to be located where the real property is located.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 14 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1993–2023 · leading case: State v. Frazier, 649 N.W.2d 828 (Minn. 2002).

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State v. Frazier, 649 N.W.2d 828 (Minn. 2002). · cites it 16× “Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 3. The statute defines "pattern of criminal activity" as: [C]onduct constituting three or more criminal acts [4] that: (1) were committed within ten years of the commencement of the criminal proceeding; (2) are neither isolated incidents, nor so…”

State v. Trong Kim Huynh, 519 N.W.2d 191 (Minn. 1994). · cites it 12× “" The statute defines an enterprise as "a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, trust, or other legal entity, or a union, governmental entity, association, or group of persons, associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes illicit as well as legitimate…”

State v. Trong Kim Huynh, 504 N.W.2d 477 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993). · cites it 12× “Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 3 defines an "enterprise" as a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, trust, or other legal entity, or a union, governmental entity, association, or group of persons, associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes illicit as well…”

State v. Vang, 774 N.W.2d 566 (Minn. 2009). · cites it 2× “Expert Opinion Appellant argues that the district court erred in allowing Officer Straka to express his opinion that the activities of the MOD met the definition of a “pattern of criminal behavior” under Minn.”

State v. Henderson, 706 N.W.2d 758 (Minn. 2005). · cites it 2× “Such a ‘pattern of criminal conduct’ may be demonstrated by proof of criminal conduct similar, but not identical, in motive, purpose, results, participants, victims or other shared characteristics.”

State v. Gorman, 546 N.W.2d 5 (Minn. 1996). · cites it 2× “The Minnesota legislature has defined the term “pattern of criminal activity” in the context of the state Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations statute to mean acts “related to one another through a common scheme or plan or shared criminal purpose.”

State v. Wells, 638 N.W.2d 456 (Minn. Ct. App. 2002). · cites it 2× “To trigger the 180-day requirement, Wells had to deliver his request for final disposition to that prosecuting authority or his office.”

State v. Mitchell, 687 N.W.2d 393 (Minn. Ct. App. 2004). · cites it 2× “1996) (quoting Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 6(3)(i) (1994), Minnesota Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute).”

State v. Kelly, 519 N.W.2d 202 (Minn. 1994). · cites it 4× “" Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 3 (1992). The word "individual" was omitted from the statutory definition in committee.”

Am. Com. Ins. Brokers, Inc. v. Minnesota Mut. Fire & Cas. Co., 535 N.W.2d 365 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995). · cites it 2× “” Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 6(3)(i) (1994).”

Fraction v. Minnesota, 678 F. Supp. 2d 908 (D. Minnesota 2008). · cites it 2× “” Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 3 (emphasis added).”

State v. Kelly, 504 N.W.2d 513 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993). · cites it 2× “Minn.Stat. § 609.902, subd. 3 (1990). Kelly argues there was insufficient evidence to prove he was employed by or associated with an enterprise.”

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