Tennessee Code Annotated
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (2026)
Entities authorized to place children for adoption - Advisory and agency capacity authorized - Injunction to stop illegal payments
✓ current as of May 2026
- (a)
- (1) No person, corporation, agency, or other entity, except the department or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical social worker, as defined in § 36-1-102, shall engage in the placement of children for adoption; provided, that this section shall not be construed to prohibit any person from advising parents of a child or prospective adoptive parents of the availability of adoption, or from acting as an agent or attorney for the parents of a child or prospective adoptive parents in making necessary arrangements for adoption so long as no remuneration, fees, contributions, or things of value are given to or received from any person or entity for such service other than usual and customary legal and medical fees in connection with the birth of the child or other pregnancy-related expenses, or for counseling for the parents and/or the child, and for the legal proceedings related to the adoption.
- (2) Only a licensed child-placing agency, as defined in § 36-1-102, a licensed clinical social worker, as defined in § 36-1-102, prospective adoptive parents, or a lawyer who is subject to the Tennessee supreme court rules regarding lawyer advertising may advertise for the placement of children for adoption in this state. In order to advertise for the placement of children for adoption in Tennessee, out-of-state licensed child placing agencies, licensed clinical social workers or lawyers must:
- (A) Be authorized to do business in this state under respective licensing laws; and
- (B) Maintain a physical office within this state or incur expenses involved in the transportation of a licensing consultant to the closest physical office of the agency, social worker or lawyer.
- (3) Any advertisement in this state for the placement of children for adoption in another state by an agency or individual not licensed or authorized to do such business in this state must clearly disclose on any advertisement in this state for the placement of a child or children for adoption, the name of the government authority by which they are licensed, and that they are not licensed by the state of Tennessee. The disclosure must be in a form similar to "(Person/Entity) is (a child-placing agency/an attorney/a clinical social worker) licensed by (government authority). Not licensed in Tennessee.".
- (4) It is unlawful for an adoption facilitator to operate in this state, advertise their services within the boundaries of this state, or provide services to any resident of this state including, but not limited to, prospective adoptive parents or parents considering placing their child, whether born or not yet born, for adoption.
- (5) A child-placing agency or attorney not licensed in this state must secure the services of a child-placing agency or attorney licensed in this state to provide adoption-related placement services to any expectant parent or child in this state.
- (b) "Placement of a child or children for adoption" means, for purposes of this section and § 36-1-109 and for licensing purposes in title 37, chapter 5, part 5, and for § 37-5-507, that a person, corporation, agency, or other entity is employed, contracted, or engaged, in any manner for any remuneration, fee, contribution, or thing of value, of any type by, or on behalf of, any person:
- (1) In the selection of prospective adoptive parents for a child by determining the relative qualifications of prospective adoptive parents in a decision by that person, corporation, agency, or other entity to place any child or children, including specifically, but not limited to, the preparation of home studies, preliminary home studies, court reports for surrenders or adoptions, or the provision of supervision of a child in an adoptive home as part of the adoptive process; or
- (2)
- (A) In the business of arranging services or assistance directed primarily, and not as an incidental part of its primary business, toward bringing to or placing with prospective adoptive parents a child or children for the purpose of foster care leading to adoption or as an adoptive placement for a child or children, including, but not limited to, advertising for such services, accepting clients for a fee, or providing any placing services for a fee;
- (B) Nothing in subdivision (b)(2)(A) shall include the provision of reasonable and necessary legal services related to the adoption proceedings, or medical or counseling services for the child or the parent in connection with the child's birth or in connection with the parent's decision to relinquish the child for adoption or for counseling services for the prospective adoptive parents.
- (c)
- (1) Any court of competent jurisdiction, upon the filing of a sworn complaint by the department or by a licensed child-placing agency, or by any person aggrieved, may temporarily enjoin or restrain any person, corporation, agency, or other entity from engaging or attempting to engage in placing children for adoption in violation or in threatened violation of this part or title 71, chapter 3, part 5, and upon final hearing, if the court determines that there has been a violation, or threatened violation, thereof, the injunction shall be made permanent.
- (2) If the court finds that any person, corporation, agency, or other entity has engaged in the illegal placement of children for adoption, that person, corporation, agency, or other entity is liable for all the costs of the legal proceedings and for all attorney fees for private persons or private agencies who brought the action, or for the cost of attorney and staff time for the department involved in the proceeding, or for other remedies pursuant to § 29-34-214.
- (d)
- (1) In order to allow the prospective adoptive parents to have information available to them to permit informed choices regarding the employment of persons or entities involved in the placement of children, or in counseling, or in the provision of legal services, the department shall collect the information concerning fees or other costs charged by licensed child-placing agencies, licensed clinical social workers, attorneys, and counseling services that are disclosed in accordance with §§ 36-1-116(b)(16) and 36-1-120(b).
- (2) This information shall be used by the department to develop an informational database in order for the department to provide, upon request of prospective adoptive parents or other interested persons, information concerning fees charged for home studies, placement services, counseling and legal fees. Such information shall be made available by the department in written form to any person so requesting. No employee of the department shall make any recommendation regarding or comment upon any information concerning such attorney, licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical social worker.
- (3) The department is specifically authorized to promulgate rules pursuant to the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act, compiled in title 4, chapter 5, to regulate fees charged by licensed child-placing agencies and licensed clinical social workers or their practices, if it determines that the practices of those licensed child-placing agencies or licensed clinical social workers demonstrate that the fees charged are excessive or that any of the agency's practices are deceptive or misleading; provided, that such rules regarding fees shall take into account the use of any sliding fee by an agency or licensed clinical social worker that or who uses a sliding fee procedure to permit prospective adoptive parents of varying income levels to utilize the services of such agencies or persons.
- (4) The department shall promulgate rules pursuant to the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act to require that all licensed child-placing agencies and licensed clinical social workers provide written disclosures to all prospective adoptive parents of any fees or other charges for each service performed by the agency or person, and file an annual report with the department that states the fees and charges for those services, and to require them to inform the department in writing forty (40) days in advance of any proposed changes to the fees or charges for those services.
- (5) The department is specifically authorized to disclose to prospective adoptive parents or other interested persons any fees charged by any licensed child-placing agency, licensed clinical social worker, attorney or counseling service or counselor for all legal and counseling services provided by that licensed child-placing agency, licensed clinical social worker, attorney or counseling service or counselor.
- (e)
- (1) A person commits an offense who engages or attempts to engage in placing a child or children for adoption in violation of the requirements of this part or title 71, chapter 3, part 5.
- (2) A violation of this subsection (e) is a Class A misdemeanor.
Amended by 2024 Tenn. Acts, ch. 996,s 5, eff. 7/1/2024.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 361, s 6, eff. 7/1/2023.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 361, s 4, eff. 7/1/2023.
Amended by 2023 Tenn. Acts, ch. 361, s 3, eff. 7/1/2023.
Amended by 2018 Tenn. Acts, ch. 875, s 36, eff. 7/1/2018.
Amended by 2018 Tenn. Acts, ch. 758, s 1, eff. 1/1/2019.
Acts 1951, ch. 202, § 36 (Williams, § 9572.50); impl. am. Acts 1975, ch. 219, § 1; T.C.A. (orig. ed.), § 36-135; Acts 1986, ch. 767, § 9; T.C.A., § 36-1-134; Acts 1995, ch. 532, § 1; 1996, ch. 1054, §§ 18, 127; 2000, ch. 981, § 54; 2009 , ch. 411, § 4; 2009 , ch. 519, §§ 1, 2.
Notes of Decisions
Cited in 15
cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1984–2026 · leading case: In Re Baby, 447 S.W.3d 807 (Tenn. 2014).
In Re Baby, 447 S.W.3d 807 (Tenn. 2014). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (b)(1)–(2). Section 36-1-109 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: (a) It is unlawful for any person, corporation, agency, or other entity other than the [Department of Children’s Services] or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical…”
In Re Frr, III, 193 S.W.3d 528 (Tenn. 2006). “In so doing, the Court of Appeals addressed the applicability of Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-108, the parental relocation statute, an issue that was not raised in the juvenile court.”
In re K.A.Y, 80 S.W.3d 19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). “In August 2000, the Stuarts filed a second amended Motion to Intervene in which the Stuarts challenged the constitutionality of several adoption statutes, including Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 36-1-108, 36-1-115, 36-1-116 and 36-1-117.”
In re C.K.G., 173 S.W.3d 714 (Tenn. 2005). “§§ 36-1-108 to -109 (2001). However, the genetic test of Belsito also has significantly broad implications.”
Johnson v. Hall, 678 S.W.2d 65 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984). “The statute clearly contemplates natural or biological parents, adoptive parents, and guardians.”
In Re Ckg, 173 S.W.3d 714 (Tenn. 2005). “See Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 36-1-108 to -109 (2001).”
In Re Baby (Tenn. 2014). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (b)(1)–(2). Section 36-1-109 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: (a) It is unlawful for any person, corporation, agency, or other entity other than the [Department of Children’s Services] or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical…”
Amanda Carol Croslin & Phyllis Croslin Baker v. Danny Keith Croslin, wife Betty Jean Croslin & Stanley Gardner Haskins (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). “The trial court found that there was no compliance with T.C.A. § 36-1-108 (a)(1991) because a guardian ad litem was not appointed for Amanda.”
Christopher Conrad Fichtel v. Jill Crowell Fichtel (Zirwas) (Tenn. Ct. App. 2019). “The trial court essentially rejected this testimony, noting that its mandate under section 36-1-108 was not to determine whether it was in the children’s best interest to maintain a close relationship with Mother, but whether it is in their best interest to relocate.”
In Re: Becka L. A. K. (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011). “See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (a). The letter stated that Mother wished to be closer to her extended family and that the move would allow her to take advantage of some job opportunities in that area.”
Cheryl Ellen Mouton v. Michael J. Mouton (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (d)(1). Reasonable purpose In this case, then, we must determine whether the trial court erred in finding that Father met his burden of proof to establish that Mother‟s proposed relocation was not for a reasonable purpose.”
James Simmons v. Rachel Montgomery Daniels (Tenn. Ct. App. 2026). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (a). In compliance with the statute, on September 18, 2023, Mother mailed a letter to Father notifying him that she planned to move to the “Jackson/Henderson area,” which is more than 50 miles from Father’s residence in Lake County.”
— Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108(a) — 3 cases
In Re Baby, 447 S.W.3d 807 (Tenn. 2014). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (b)(1)–(2). Section 36-1-109 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: (a) It is unlawful for any person, corporation, agency, or other entity other than the [Department of Children’s Services] or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical…”
In Re Baby (Tenn. 2014). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (b)(1)–(2). Section 36-1-109 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: (a) It is unlawful for any person, corporation, agency, or other entity other than the [Department of Children’s Services] or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical…”
Amanda Carol Croslin & Phyllis Croslin Baker v. Danny Keith Croslin, wife Betty Jean Croslin & Stanley Gardner Haskins (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). “The trial court found that there was no compliance with T.C.A. § 36-1-108 (a)(1991) because a guardian ad litem was not appointed for Amanda.”
— Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108(a)(2) — 2 cases
In Re Baby, 447 S.W.3d 807 (Tenn. 2014). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (b)(1)–(2). Section 36-1-109 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: (a) It is unlawful for any person, corporation, agency, or other entity other than the [Department of Children’s Services] or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical…”
In Re Baby (Tenn. 2014). “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108 (b)(1)–(2). Section 36-1-109 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: (a) It is unlawful for any person, corporation, agency, or other entity other than the [Department of Children’s Services] or a licensed child-placing agency or licensed clinical…”
— Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108(c) — 1 case
Christopher Conrad Fichtel v. Jill Crowell Fichtel (Zirwas) (Tenn. Ct. App. 2019). “The trial court essentially rejected this testimony, noting that its mandate under section 36-1-108 was not to determine whether it was in the children’s best interest to maintain a close relationship with Mother, but whether it is in their best interest to relocate.”
— Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-108(e) — 1 case
Vanessa Ann Webster v. Brad Anthony Webster (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).
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