11 U.S.C. § 501

Filing of proofs of claims or interests

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(a) A creditor or an indenture trustee may file a proof of claim. An equity security holder may file a proof of interest.(b) If a creditor does not timely file a proof of such creditor’s claim, an entity that is liable to such creditor with the debtor, or that has secured such creditor, may file a proof of such claim.(c) If a creditor does not timely file a proof of such creditor’s claim, the debtor or the trustee may file a proof of such claim.(d) A claim of a kind specified in section 502(e)(2), 502(f), 502(g), 502(h) or 502(i) of this title may be filed under subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section the same as if such claim were a claim against the debtor and had arisen before the date of the filing of the petition.(e) A claim arising from the liability of a debtor for fuel use tax assessed consistent with the requirements of section 31705 of title 49 may be filed by the base jurisdiction designated pursuant to the International Fuel Tax Agreement (as defined in section 31701 of title 49) and, if so filed, shall be allowed as a single claim.(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2578; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, § 444, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 373; Pub. L. 109–8, title VII, § 702, Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 125; Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title X, § 1001(d)(1), (3)(A), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3217, 3218.)Historical and Revision Noteslegislative statements

The House amendment adopts section 501(b) of the Senate amendment leaving the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure free to determine where a proof of claim must be filed.

Section 501(c) expands language contained in section 501(c) of the House bill and Senate amendment to permit the debtor to file a proof of claim if a creditor does not timely file a proof of the creditor’s claim in a case under title 11.

The House amendment deletes section 501(e) of the Senate amendment as a matter to be left to the rules of bankruptcy procedure. It is anticipated that the rules will enable governmental units, like other creditors, to have a reasonable time to file proofs of claim in bankruptcy cases.

For purposes of section 501, a proof of “interest” includes the interest of a general or limited partner in a partnership, the interest of a proprietor in a sole proprietorship, or the interest of a common or preferred stockholder in a corporation.

senate report no. 95–989

This section governs the means by which creditors and equity security holders present their claims or interests to the court. Subsection (a) permits a creditor to file a proof of claim or interest. An indenture trustee representing creditors may file a proof of claim on behalf of the creditors he represents.

This subsection is permissive only, and does not require filing of a proof of claim by any creditor. It permits filing where some purpose would be served, such as where a claim that appears on a list filed under proposed 11 U.S.C. 924 or 1111 was incorrectly stated or listed as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated, where a creditor with a lien is undersecured and asserts a claim for the balance of the debt owed him (his unsecured claim, as determined under proposed 11 U.S.C. 506(a)), or in a liquidation case where there will be a distribution of assets to the holders of allowed claims. In other instances, such as in no-asset liquidation cases, in situations where a secured creditor does not assert any claim against the estate and a determination of his claim is not made under proposed 11 U.S.C. 506, or in situations where the claim asserted would be subordinated and the creditor would not recover from the estate in any event, filing of a proof of claim may simply not be necessary. The Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure and practice under the law will guide creditors as to when filing is necessary and when it may be dispensed with. In general, however, unless a claim is listed in a chapter 9 or chapter 11 case and allowed as a result of the list, a proof of claim will be a prerequisite to allowance for unsecured claims, including priority claims and the unsecured portion of a claim asserted by the holder of a lien.

The Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure will set the time limits, the form, and the procedure for filing, which will determine whether claims are timely or tardily filed. The rules governing time limits for filing proofs of claims will continue to apply under section 405(d) of the bill. These provide a 6-month-bar date for the filing of tax claims.

Subsection (b) permits a codebtor, surety, or guarantor to file a proof of claim on behalf of the creditor to which he is liable if the creditor does not timely file a proof of claim.

In liquidation and individual repayment plan cases, the trustee or the debtor may file a proof of claim under subsection (c) if the creditor does not timely file. The purpose of this subsection is mainly to protect the debtor if the creditor’s claim is nondischargeable. If the creditor does not file, there would be no distribution on the claim, and the debtor would have a greater debt to repay after the case is closed than if the claim were paid in part or in full in the case or under the plan.

Subsection (d) governs the filing of claims of the kind specified in subsections (f), (g), (h), (i), or (j) of proposed 11 U.S.C. 502. The separation of this provision from the other claim-filing provisions in this section is intended to indicate that claims of the kind specified, which do not become fixed or do not arise until after the commencement of the case, must be treated differently for filing purposes such as the bar date for filing claims. The rules will provide for later filing of claims of these kinds.

Subsection (e) gives governmental units (including tax authorities) at least six months following the date for the first meeting of creditors in a chapter 7 or chapter 13 case within which to file proof of claims.

Editorial NotesAmendments

2020—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–260, § 1001(d)(3)(A), struck out subsec. (f) which related to CARES forbearance claims.

Pub. L. 116–260, § 1001(d)(1), added subsec. (f).

2005—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–8 added subsec. (e).

1984—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–353 inserted “502(e)(2),”.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2020 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title X, § 1001(d)(3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3218, provided that the amendment made by section 1001(d)(3)(A) is effective on the date that is 1 year after Dec. 27, 2020.

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Child Support Creditors or Their Representatives; Appearance Before Court

Pub. L. 103–394, title III, § 304(g), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4134, provided that: “Child support creditors or their representatives shall be permitted to appear and intervene without charge, and without meeting any special local court rule requirement for attorney appearances, in any bankruptcy case or proceeding in any bankruptcy court or district court of the United States if such creditors or representatives file a form in such court that contains information detailing the child support debt, its status, and other characteristics.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 1,695 cases (85 in the last 5 years), 1938–2026 · leading case: Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594 (2011).

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Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594 (2011). · cites it 2× “11 U. S. C. §501 ; Fed. Rule Bkrtcy. Proc.”

In re Vancleef, 479 B.R. 809 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2012). · cites it 18× “2 The issue in the contested matter presently before the court, addressed by this memorandum of decision, is the scope of 11 U.S.C. § 501 (c) and Fed.R.Bankr.P. 3004 in the context of a Chapter 7 Trustee’s filing of proofs of claim, on behalf of creditors who themselves failed…”

Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293 (2006). · cites it 2× “, at 9 ; see 11 U. S. C. § 501 , alleging that Vickie had defamed him when, shortly after J.”

In Re John R. Kolstad, Debtor. United States of Am. (Internal Revenue Serv.) v. John R. Kolstad, 928 F.2d 171 (5th Cir. 1991). · cites it 4× “JONES, Circuit Judge: The issue in this case is whether the bankruptcy court properly permitted IRS to “amend” Kolstad’s debtor-filed proof of claim, 11 U.S.C. § 501 (c) and Bankruptcy Rule 3004, some months after the bar date had passed for IRS to file its own proof of claim.”

Harris v. Scarcelli (In Re Oak Knoll Assocs., L.P.), 835 F.3d 24 (1st Cir. 2016). · cites it 2× “We consider each theory of recovery in turn, explaining why each one fails as a matter of law in light of the undisputed facts of this case.”

Caplin v. Marine Midland Grace Trust Co. of New York, 406 U.S. 416 (1972). · cites it 4× “883 , 11 U. S. C. § 501 et seq., to assert, on behalf of persons holding debentures issued by Webb & Knapp, claims of misconduct by an indenture trustee.”

Judy N. Brock v. Resurgent Capital Servs., L.P., 823 F.3d 1334 (11th Cir. 2016). · cites it 3× “11 U.S.C. § 501 (a). The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) prohibits a “debt collector” from “us[ing] any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.”

In the Matter of Am. Reserve Corp., Debtor. Appeal of Clear & Doris Elaine Huddleston, 840 F.2d 487 (7th Cir. 1988). · cites it 3× “Each relied on 11 U.S.C. § 501 and a series of arguments that lead it to conclude that class actions are unnecessary in bankruptcy courts.”

Heath v. Am. Express Travel Related Servs. Co. (In Re Heath), 331 B.R. 424 (9th Cir. BAP 2005). · cites it 2× “” 11 U.S.C. § 501 (a). Section 502(a) states: § 502.”

Chaille Dubois v. Atlas Acquisitions LLC, 834 F.3d 522 (4th Cir. 2016). · cites it 2× “at 679 ; 11 U.S.C. § 501 (a). The bankruptcy court may “allow” or “disallow” claims from sharing in the distribution of the bankruptcy estate.”

ASM Capital, LP v. Ames Dep't Stores, Inc. (In Re Ames Dep't Stores, Inc.), 582 F.3d 422 (2d Cir. 2009). · cites it 2× “11 U.S.C. § 501 (a). Although the definition of “claim” in section 101(5) does not distinguish between prepetition and post-petition rights to payment, the claims addressed by section 501 are only prepetition claims and certain postpetition claims that are treated as prepetition…”

Dove-Nation v. eCast Settlement Corp. (In Re Dove-Nation), 318 B.R. 147 (8th Cir. BAP 2004). · cites it 2× “11 U.S.C. § 501 (a). In the event the creditor does not timely file a proof of claim, the debtor or another entity who is also liable on that claim may file a proof of the claim.”

Show all 1,695 citing cases →

— 11 U.S.C. § 501(c) — 1 case

In Re Eckols, 77 B.R. 345 (Bankr. D.N.H. 1987).

— 11 U.S.C. § 501(d) — 1 case

Mahoney v. Riverstone Investors LLC (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2020).

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