12 U.S.C. § 3401

Definitions

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For the purpose of this chapter, the term—(1) “financial institution”, except as provided in section 3414 of this title, means any office of a bank, savings bank, card issuer as defined in section 1602(n) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 15, industrial loan company, trust company, savings association, building and loan, or homestead association (including cooperative banks), credit union, or consumer finance institution, located in any State or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands;(2) “financial record” means an original of, a copy of, or information known to have been derived from, any record held by a financial institution pertaining to a customer’s relationship with the financial institution;(3) “Government authority” means any agency or department of the United States, or any officer, employee, or agent thereof;(4) “person” means an individual or a partnership of five or fewer individuals;(5) “customer” means any person or authorized representative of that person who utilized or is utilizing any service of a financial institution, or for whom a financial institution is acting or has acted as a fiduciary, in relation to an account maintained in the person’s name;(6) “holding company” means—(A) any bank holding company (as defined in section 1841 of this title); and(B) any company described in section 1843(f)(1) of this title;(7) “supervisory agency” means with respect to any particular financial institution, holding company, or any subsidiary of a financial institution or holding company, any of the following which has statutory authority to examine the financial condition, business operations, or records or transactions of that institution, holding company, or subsidiary—(A) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;(B) the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection;(C) the National Credit Union Administration;(D) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System;(E) the Comptroller of the Currency;(F) the Securities and Exchange Commission;(G) the Commodity Futures Trading Commission;(H) the Secretary of the Treasury, with respect to the Bank Secrecy Act (Public Law 91–508, title I) [12 U.S.C. 1951 et seq.] and subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31; or(I) any State banking or securities department or agency; and(8) “law enforcement inquiry” means a lawful investigation or official proceeding inquiring into a violation of, or failure to comply with, any criminal or civil statute or any regulation, rule, or order issued pursuant thereto.(Pub. L. 95–630, title XI, § 1101, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3697; Pub. L. 101–73, title VII, § 744(b), title IX, § 941, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 438, 496; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, § 2596(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4908; Pub. L. 106–102, title VII, § 727(b)(1), Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1475; Pub. L. 108–177, title III, § 374(b), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1099(1), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2105.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

Section 1602(n) of title 15, referred to in par. (1), was redesignated section 1602(o) of title 15 by Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1100A(1)(A), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2107.

The Bank Secrecy Act, referred to in par. (7)(H), is title I of Pub. L. 91–508, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1114, which is classified principally to chapter 21 (§ 1951 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1951 of this title and Tables.

Codification

In par. (7)(H), “the Bank Secrecy Act (Public Law 91–508, title I) [12 U.S.C. 1951 et seq.] and subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31” substituted for “the Bank Secrecy Act [12 U.S.C. 1951 et seq.] and the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act [31 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.] (Public Law 91–508, title I and II)”, on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.

Amendments

2010—Par. (6). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1099(1)(A), inserted “and” at end of subpar. (A), struck out “and” at end of subpar. (B), and struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: “any savings and loan holding company (as defined in the Home Owners’ Loan Act);”.

Par. (7)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1099(1)(B), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “Director, Office of Thrift Supervision;”.

2003—Par. (1). Pub. L. 108–177 inserted “, except as provided in section 3414 of this title,” before “means any office”.

1999—Par. (7)(G) to (I). Pub. L. 106–102 added subpar. (G) and redesignated former subpars. (G) and (H) as (H) and (I), respectively.

1990—Par. (6)(B). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted “section 1843(f)(1)” for “section 1842(f)(1)”.

1989—Par. (1). Pub. L. 101–73, § 744(b)(1), substituted “savings association” for “savings and loan”.

Par. (6). Pub. L. 101–73, § 941(3), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Par. (7). Pub. L. 101–73, § 941(1), (2), redesignated former par. (6) as (7) and substituted new introductory provisions for former introductory provisions which read as follows: “ ‘supervisory agency’ means, with respect to any particular financial institution any of the following which has statutory authority to examine the financial condition or business operations of that institution—”. Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Pub. L. 101–73, § 744(b)(2), (3), redesignated subpars. (C) to (I) as (B) to (H), respectively, substituted “Director, Office of Thrift Supervision” for “the Federal Home Loan Bank Board” in subpar. (B), and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation;”.

Par. (8). Pub. L. 101–73, § 941(1), redesignated par. (7) as (8).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 2101 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 375b of this title.

Short Title

Pub. L. 95–630, title XI, § 1100, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3697, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978’.”

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 222 cases (15 in the last 5 years), 1979–2026 · leading case: State v. Popenhagen, 2008 WI 55 (Wis. 2008).
State v. Popenhagen, 2008 WI 55 (Wis. 2008). · cites it 4× “¶ 206 Popenhagen argues that Miller is not controlling because the enactment of *656 the Right to Financial Privacy Act (Financial Privacy Act), 12 U.S.C. § 3401 , et seq., effectively overruled it and, therefore, the Financial Privacy Act entitles citizens to a privacy interest…”
Donald J. Trump v. Deutsche Bank AG, 943 F.3d 627 (2d Cir. 2019). · cites it 3× “Statutory Claim––RFPA Appellants contend that the subpoenas are invalid for failure of the Committees to comply with the Right to Financial Privacy Act (“RFPA” or “Act”), 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401‒3423. RFPA prohibits a financial institution’s disclosure of a customer’s financial…”
Jodi Hohman v. Maurice Eadie, 894 F.3d 776 (6th Cir. 2018). · cites it 4× “This appeal raises a highly technical issue arising from a potential conflict between the Internal Revenue Code and the Federal Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 - 3422. 1 The IRS issued two "John Doe" summonses without first obtaining approval in a…”
Nichols v. Council on Jud. Complaints, 615 P.2d 280 (Okla. 1980). · cites it 10× “HARGRAVE, Justice, concurring in part: I would quash the subpoena considered in this proceeding for the sole reason that the Respondent has conceded that the subpoena issued herein did not comply with the laws of this State in force at the time of issuance.”
Patricia Gonzales Lopez v. First Union Nat'l Bank of Florida, Jose Daniel Ruiz Coronado v. Bankatlantic Bancorp, Inc., 129 F.3d 1186 (1st Cir. 1997). · cites it 4× “(Counts I and II), the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 et seq., (Count III), and Florida law.”
Abdelfattah v. United States Dep't of Homeland Sec., 787 F.3d 524 (D.C. Cir. 2015). · cites it 2× “, and the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 . et seq. Abdelfattah further asserts that DHS’s creation and maintenance of the TECS records violates the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.”
Perrin Davis v. Facebook, Inc., 956 F.3d 589 (9th Cir. 2020). “at 3 (“[The SCA] is modeled after the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. to protect privacy interests in personal and proprietary information .”
Nikrasch v. State, 698 S.W.2d 443 (Tex. App. 1985). · cites it 4× “12 U.S.C.A. § 3401 (3) (1980) defines "Government authority" as "any agency or department of the United States, or any officer, employee or agent thereof.”
Strother v. Harte, 171 F. Supp. 2d 203 (S.D.N.Y. 2001). · cites it 2× “Federal question jurisdiction is based on the purported civil rights claims as well as claims under the' Right to Financial Privacy Act (the “Financial Privacy Act”), 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq., and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.”
Pontbriand v. Sundlun, 699 A.2d 856 (R.I. 1997). · cites it 3× “§ 1983 , 12 U.S.C. § 3401 , and the Federal Privacy Act of 1974, P.”
Elaine L. Chao, Sec'y of Labor, United States Dep't of Labor v. Cmty. Trust Co., 474 F.3d 75 (3rd Cir. 2007). · cites it 4× “This appeal presents the question of when a district court may enforce a government agency’s subpoena duces tecum against a financial institution in light of two statutes which protect private consumer financial information, the Right to Financial Privacy Act (RFPA), 12 U.S.C. §…”
Indiana Nat'l Bank v. Chapman, 482 N.E.2d 474 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985). · cites it 4× “Finally the court noted its reasoning was in line with the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. which outlines the situations under which federal government authorities may have access to an individual's financial reasons.”
Corley v. Vance, 365 F. Supp. 3d 407 (S.D. Ill. 2019). “§§ 2701 - 2713, the Right to Financial Privacy Act ("RFPA"), 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 - 3423, and the Driver's Privacy Protection Act ("DPPA"), 18 U.”
Puerta v. United States, 121 F.3d 1338 (9th Cir. 1997). · cites it 3× “§ 3403 (c), to the Right To Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 , et seq. The issue is whether a bank employee can tell an inquiring federal agent anything about a custom *1340 er’s account, and if so, how much, without subjecting the bank to liability.”
State v. Schultz, 850 P.2d 818 (Kan. 1993). · cites it 2× “Legislative history reflects that the United States Congress adopted the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. (1988), in direct response to and as a criticism of the Miller decision: "The title is a congressional response to the Supreme Court decision in .”
Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Worth Bullion Grp., Inc., 717 F.3d 545 (7th Cir. 2013). · cites it 2× “1 See 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 , 3402(2), 3405. The district court rejected this argument, finding that the RFPA does not apply to appellants, and ordered Worth, Mintco, and DSD to comply in full with the subpoenas.”
Raymond J. Donovan, Sec'y of the United States Dep't of Labor v. Nat'l Bank of Alaska, 696 F.2d 678 (9th Cir. 1983). · cites it 3× “National Bank of Alaska and the accompanying letter agreement prohibit enforcement of the Secretary’s subpoena; (2) some requested documents might be subject to the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. (Supp. Ill 1979); (3) this is a “John Doe” subpoena…”
Lincoln Bank & Trust Co. v. Oklahoma Tax Comm'n, 827 P.2d 1314 (Okla. 1992). · cites it 2× “[34] For example, before the 1982 amendment to § 652 of the Uniform Disposition of Unclaimed Property Act, a savings deposit was presumed abandoned unless the owner indicated an interest in the funds, i.”
Wolf v. Regardie, 553 A.2d 1213 (D.C. 1989). · cites it 2× “3697 (codified as amended at 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. (1982 and Supp. IV 1986)); and cases, e.”
Walker v. S.W.I.F.T. Scrl, 517 F. Supp. 2d 801 (E.D. Va. 2007). “Constitution, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 , et seq. (RFPA), and the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, 815 111.”
Bansal v. Russ, 513 F. Supp. 2d 264 (E.D. Pa. 2007). · cites it 2× “Allegations Against the AUSA Defendants In Count 1 of his complaint, Plaintiff alleges the AUSA Defendants violated the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 , et seq., by obtaining Plaintiffs bank and credit card records without “providing] any certification of…”
Michael Presley v. United States, 895 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir. 2018). “1990), Plaintiffs argue that if their Fourth Amendment challenge does not succeed, "then [the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 - 3422 ] would apply." But Plaintiffs asserted this argument for the very first time only after we held oral argument in this case,…”
Inspector Gen. of the United States Dep't of Agric. v. Great Lakes Bancorp, 825 F. Supp. 790 (E.D. Mich. 1993). · cites it 8× “The Bank opposes the Petition on the grounds that it is violative of the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq, (“RFPA”). III. DISCUSSION A.”
Edelmann v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 376 (Fed. Cl. 2007). “Plaintiffs further assert that the Government unlawfully *379 gained access to, and certain financial institutions unlawfully disclosed to the Government, plaintiffs’ financial records in violation of the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. (2000)…”
Manufacturas Int'l, Ltda. v. Mfrs. Hanover Trust Co., 792 F. Supp. 180 (E.D.N.Y 1992). · cites it 3× “In the Bank Cases, plaintiffs argue that the banks violated several federal statutes by seizing the funds: the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq., the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, 18 U.”
Thomas v. United States Dep't of Homeland Sec., 876 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2012). · cites it 6× “Bland, III and Gary Walker, filed separate miscellaneous actions, through which each of them sought “an order preventing the government from obtaining access to [his] financial records[,]” pursuant to the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. (“RFPA”).…”
McDonough v. Widnall, 891 F. Supp. 1439 (D. Colo. 1995). · cites it 5× “Facing imminent court-martial, McDon-ough filed a motion for a temporary restraining order (TRO) which I granted ex parte, in part because of similar pending allegations that in the recent past the AFOSI failed to follow the procedures outlined in the Right to Financial Privacy…”
Abdelfattah v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 893 F. Supp. 2d 75 (D.D.C. 2012). · cites it 4× “, Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 et seq., and Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.”
United States v. Alvin Frazin, United States of Am. v. Ronald Mark Miller, 780 F.2d 1461 (9th Cir. 1986). “” 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (4), (5). The district court found that the Western Heritage account was covered under the Act.”
United States v. Long, 64 M.J. 57 (C.A.A.F. 2006). · cites it 2× “435, 442 (1976), superseded by statute, Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (2000), as recognized in SEC v.”
Collins v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n, 737 F. Supp. 1467 (N.D. Ill. 1990). · cites it 3× “INTRODUCTION Pursuant to the Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 et seq. (“RFPA”), Thomas W.”
Alva State Bank & Trust Co. v. Dayton, 755 P.2d 635 (Okla. 1988). · cites it 2× “" The federal act does not apply to the facts presented by the instant case because of the definition that 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (3) gives to governmental authority.”
Pittsburgh Nat'l Bank v. United States, 771 F.2d 73 (3rd Cir. 1985). · cites it 2× “A “customer” is defined under the Act as “any person or authorized representative of that person who utilized or is utilizing any service of a financial institution____” 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (5). A person is defined as “an individual or a partnership of five or fewer individuals.”
Bean LLC v. John Doe Bank, 291 F. Supp. 3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2018). · cites it 3× “ANALYSIS Fusion opposes the Subpoena on four independent grounds: (1) it lacks a valid legislative purpose; (2) it is overbroad and seeks information that is not relevant to the Committee's investigation; (3) it violates Fusion's First Amendment rights; and (4) it violates the…”
Kosmider v. Garcia, 111 A.D.3d 1134 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013). · cites it 2× “Plaintiffs further argue that the issuance of the Champlain subpoena violated a statutory right to privacy conferred upon them by the Federal Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 ( 12 USC § 3401 et seq. [hereinafter RFPA]).”
Walker v. S.W.I.F.T. Scrl, 491 F. Supp. 2d 781 (N.D. Ill. 2007). · cites it 4× “Walker’s original Complaint specifically alleged that SWIFT had violated section 3402 of the Right to Financial Privacy Act (“RFPA”), 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 et seq., as well as the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (“CFDBPA”), 815 Ill.”
Everett v. State, 186 A.3d 1224 (Del. 2018). “This disclosure has been necessitated because of the nature of the instrumentality, but more significantly the disclosure has been made for a limited business purpose and not for release to other persons for other reasons.”
Waye v. First Citizen's Nat'l Bank, 846 F. Supp. 310 (M.D. Penn. 1994). “” 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (2). See generally: Neece v.”
Clayton Brokerage Co. v. Clement, 87 F.R.D. 569 (D. Maryland 1980). · cites it 2× “The bank, apparently citing the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 ( 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401 et seq., “Financial Privacy Act”), has refused to supply the subpoenaed records to the plaintiff; the bank has delivered some of the records to the Court.”
Peggy J. Neece Buel H. Neece v. Internal Revenue Serv. of the United States of Am. United States of Am. First Nat'l Bank of Turley, N.A., 922 F.2d 573 (1st Cir. 1990). · cites it 2× “We, therefore, hold that a financial institution and a Government authority, as defined in 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (1) and (3) and otherwise bound by the procedural requirements of the RFPA, 12 U.”
Walker v. White, 89 S.W.3d 573 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). · cites it 3×
Flowers v. First Hawaiian Bank, 289 F. Supp. 2d 1213 (D. Haw. 2003). · cites it 3×
United States v. Whitty, 688 F. Supp. 48 (D. Me. 1988). · cites it 2×
Sneirson v. Chem. Bank, 108 F.R.D. 159 (D. Del. 1985). · cites it 2×
In Re Porras, 191 B.R. 357 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 1995). · cites it 6×
Larry Rader v. Ing Groep NV, 497 F. App'x 171 (3rd Cir. 2012). · cites it 2×
Stevens v. First Interstate Bank, 999 P.2d 551 (Or. Ct. App. 2000). · cites it 2×
Suburban Trust Co. v. Waller, 408 A.2d 758 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979).
Flowers v. First Hawaiian Bank, 295 F. Supp. 2d 1130 (D. Haw. 2003). · cites it 2×
State Ex Rel. Brant v. Bank of Am., 31 P.3d 952 (Kan. 2001). · cites it 2×
Giannone v. Bank of Am., N.A., 812 F. Supp. 2d 216 (E.D.N.Y 2011). · cites it 2×
United States v. Chris Buchanan, 985 F.2d 1372 (8th Cir. 1993).
Russell v. Dep't of the Air Force, 915 F. Supp. 1108 (D. Colo. 1996). · cites it 7×
In Re Fin. Corp. of Am., 119 B.R. 728 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1990). · cites it 2×
Hunter v. Sec. Exch. Comm'n, 879 F. Supp. 494 (E.D. Pa. 1995). · cites it 2×
United States v. Byard, 29 M.J. 803 (1989). · cites it 2×
Bond v. U.S. Postal Serv. Fed. Credit Union, 164 F. Supp. 3d 740 (D. Maryland 2015). · cites it 2×
Amidax Trading Grp. v. S.W.I.F.T. SCRL, 607 F. Supp. 2d 500 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).
Aneke v. Am. Express Travel Related Servs., Inc., 841 F. Supp. 2d 368 (D.D.C. 2012).
Floyd v. Bank of Am. Corp., 70 A.3d 246 (D.C. 2013).
Banaitis v. Mitsubishi Bank, Ltd., 879 P.2d 1288 (Or. Ct. App. 1994).
Tucker v. Waddell, 83 F.3d 688 (4th Cir. 1996).
Exch. Point LLC v. United States Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 100 F. Supp. 2d 172 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). · cites it 2×
Mead v. Lindlaw, 839 F. Supp. 2d 66 (D.D.C. 2012).
In re Grand Jury Applications for Court-Ordered Subpoenas & Nondisclosure Orders, 142 Misc. 2d 241 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1988). · cites it 2×
United States v. Raymond S. Budzyna, 666 F.2d 666 (1st Cir. 1981).
Duncan v. Belcher, 813 F.2d 1335 (4th Cir. 1987). · cites it 4×
United States v. David R. Mann, 829 F.2d 849 (9th Cir. 1987).
Mead v. City First Bank of DC, NA, 616 F. Supp. 2d 78 (D.D.C. 2009).
Ameritech Corp. v. McCann, 308 F. Supp. 2d 911 (E.D. Wis. 2004). · cites it 2×
Hunt v. United States Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 520 F. Supp. 580 (N.D. Tex. 1981).
O'Neil v. Q.L.C.R.I., Inc., 750 F. Supp. 551 (D.R.I. 1990).
In Re Swearingen Aviation Corp., 486 F. Supp. 9 (D. Maryland 1979).
In re 1980 United States Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 502 F. Supp. 576 (E.D. La. 1980). · cites it 2×
Rollins v. People's Bank Corp., 925 A.2d 315 (Conn. 2007).
In Re Youk-See, 450 B.R. 312 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2011).
Botero-Zea v. United States, 915 F. Supp. 614 (S.D.N.Y. 1996). · cites it 4×
United States v. Billy Charles Jackson, Jr., 11 F.3d 953 (10th Cir. 1993).
United States v. Robert Whipple, III, 92 F.4th 605 (6th Cir. 2024).
Beam v. Gonzales, 548 F. Supp. 2d 596 (N.D. Ill. 2008).
SPA Flying Serv., Inc. v. United States, 724 F.2d 95 (8th Cir. 1984). · cites it 3×
Satellite Fin. Plan. Corp. v. First Nat'l Bank, 643 F. Supp. 449 (D. Del. 1986).
Hancock v. Marshall, 86 F.R.D. 209 (D.D.C. 1980).
United States v. a Residence Located at 218 3rd Street, New Glarus, 622 F. Supp. 908 (W.D. Wis. 1985). · cites it 2×
In Re Superior Court Order Dated April 8, 1983, 338 S.E.2d 307 (N.C. 1986).
In Re Michalski, 449 B.R. 273 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2011).
Davidov v. United States Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 415 F. Supp. 2d 386 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
Douglas v. United States, 410 F. Supp. 2d 292 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
Doe v. Wachovia Corp., 268 F. Supp. 2d 627 (W.D.N.C. 2003).
Feiner v. United States Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, 914 F. Supp. 2d 474 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
In re United States, 158 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 1998).
Shawn Wright v. Jim Liguori, 445 F. App'x 469 (3rd Cir. 2011). · cites it 2×
Dirkes v. Borough of Runnemede, 936 F. Supp. 235 (D.N.J. 1996).
Baltimore Sun v. Thanos, 607 A.2d 565 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1992).
In Re Grand Jury Subpoena East Nat'l Bank of Denver, 517 F. Supp. 1061 (D. Colo. 1981).
British Int'l Ins. v. Seguros La Republica, S.A., 200 F.R.D. 586 (W.D. Tex. 2000).
Chazin v. Lieberman, 129 F.R.D. 97 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).
In Re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 575 F. Supp. 93 (S.D.N.Y. 1983).
King v. United States, 684 F. Supp. 1038 (D. Neb. 1987).
Norkin v. Hoey, 181 A.D.2d 248 (N.Y. App. Div. 1992).
United States v. Zimmerman, 957 F. Supp. 94 (N.D.W. Va. 1997). · cites it 2×
Adams v. Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Bd., 659 F. Supp. 948 (D. Minnesota 1987). · cites it 2×
United States v. U.S. Bancorp, 12 F. Supp. 2d 982 (D. Minnesota 1998). · cites it 2×
In re Superior Court Order Dated April 8, 1983, 318 S.E.2d 843 (N.C. Ct. App. 1984). · cites it 2×
Flowers v. United States Army, 25th Infantry Div., 179 F. App'x 986 (9th Cir. 2006).
Anomnachi v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 290 F. Supp. 3d 30 (D.C. Cir. 2017). · cites it 5×
Warner v. Am. Cablevision of Kansas City, Inc., 699 F. Supp. 851 (D. Kan. 1988).
Winters v. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners, 4 F.3d 848 (10th Cir. 1993). · cites it 2×
United States v. Lee, 667 F. Supp. 1404 (D. Colo. 1987).
United States v. Duncan, 34 M.J. 1232 (1992).
Sierra Equity Grp. v. White Oak Equity Partners, LLC., 672 F. Supp. 2d 1369 (S.D. Fla. 2009).
Wheeler v. United States, 459 F. Supp. 2d 399 (W.D. Pa. 2006).
Easter v. Nevada State Bank, 58 F. App'x 355 (9th Cir. 2003).
Cruzado-Laureano v. United States, 146 F. Supp. 3d 445 (D.P.R. 2015).
In Re Grand Jury Subpoena (Connecticut Sav. Bank), 481 F. Supp. 833 (D. Conn. 1979).
Taylor v. Dep't of the Air Force, 18 F. Supp. 2d 1184 (D. Colo. 1998).
Flowers v. First Hawaiian Bank, 85 F. Supp. 2d 993 (D. Haw. 2000).
Miller v. N. Tier Career Ctr., 49 Pa. D. & C.4th 413 (2000). · cites it 2×
Jones v. Dep't of the Air Force, 947 F. Supp. 1507 (D. Colo. 1996). · cites it 2×
Matter of Application to Quash Grand Jury Subpoena, 526 F. Supp. 1253 (D. Maryland 1981).
Pleasant v. Lovell, 654 F. Supp. 1082 (D. Colo. 1987).
Lopez v. First Union Nat'l Bank, 931 F. Supp. 860 (S.D. Fla. 1996).
United States v. Jackson, 25 M.J. 711 (1987).
In Re Subpoena Duces Tecum, 461 B.R. 823 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2011). · cites it 2×
Stein v. Bank of Am. Corp., 887 F. Supp. 2d 126 (D.D.C. 2012).
Roberts v. Sabine State Bank & Trust Co., 226 F.3d 374 (5th Cir. 2000).
In Re Blunden, 896 F. Supp. 996 (C.D. Cal. 1995).
In Re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 574 F. Supp. 85 (S.D.N.Y. 1983).
Foxworth v. Trustmark Nat'l Bank, 934 F. Supp. 218 (S.D. Miss. 1996). · cites it 2×
Austin v. Old Nat'l Bank in Evansville, 656 N.E.2d 886 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995). · cites it 2×
Marino v. Gulf Coast Bank & Trust Co., 184 So. 3d 153 (La. Ct. App. 2015). · cites it 2×
Neece v. Internal Revenue Serv., 96 F.3d 460 (10th Cir. 1996).
Matter of Verrazzano Towers, Inc., 7 B.R. 648 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1980).
Marré v. United States, 117 F.3d 297 (5th Cir. 1997).
Sornberger v. First Midwest Bank, 278 F. Supp. 2d 935 (C.D. Ill. 2002).
Spencer Bank SLA v. Menlo Acquisition Co, 309 F. App'x 546 (3rd Cir. 2009).
Doe v. Bd. on Prof'l Responsibility, 717 F.2d 1424 (D.C. Cir. 1983).
Organizacion JD Ltda. v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 18 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 1994).
In Re Grand Jury Subpoena, 41 F. Supp. 2d 1026 (D. Alaska 1999).
Ling v. United States Dep't of Just., 507 F. Supp. 1 (S.D. Fla. 1979).
United States v. Theron, 116 F.R.D. 58 (D. Kan. 1987).
Donovan v. U.A. Local 38 Plumbers & Pipe Trades Pension Fund, 569 F. Supp. 1488 (N.D. Cal. 1983). · cites it 2×
Irani v. United States, 448 F.3d 507 (2d Cir. 2006).
Bean LLC v. John Doe Bank (D.D.C. 2018). · cites it 3×
Sequeira v. United States Dep't of Homeland Sec. (N.D. Cal. 2024). · cites it 3×
United States v. PATRAS (D.N.J. 2025). · cites it 3×
Abrams v. United States of Am. Dep't of the Treasury, 458 F. Supp. 2d 304 (N.D. Tex. 2006). · cites it 5×
Sec'y Labor v. Comm Trust Co (3rd Cir. 2007). · cites it 4×
People v. Adeniran, 116 A.D.3d 706 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014).
(PS) Nelson Rogers v. Enjalran (E.D. Cal. 2020). · cites it 2×
Byrd v. GMAC Mortg., LLC (D. Colo. 2020). · cites it 2×
Sullivan v. MacPherson (D. Haw. 2021). · cites it 2×
Siegfried v. Insp. Gen., Dept. of Agric., 163 F. Supp. 2d 170 (E.D.N.Y 2001).
Lopez v. First Union Nat'l Bank (11th Cir. 1997). · cites it 4×
Matter of Thirty-Nine Admin. Subpoenae, 754 F. Supp. 5 (D. Mass. 1990). · cites it 4×
Sec. & Exch. Comm'n v. Pac. Bell, 704 F. Supp. 11 (D.D.C. 1989).
United States v. Hill, 537 F. Supp. 677 (N.D. Tex. 1982).
Rodriguez, Rosendo, Iii (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). · cites it 2×
Rodriguez, Rosendo, Iii (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). · cites it 2×
Yaodi Hu v. Park Nat'l Bank (7th Cir. 2009). · cites it 2×
Kosmider v. Garcia, 111 A.D.3d 1134 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013). · cites it 2×
Fed. Trade Comm'n v. Winters Nat'l Bank & Trust Co., 509 F. Supp. 1228 (S.D. Ohio 1981). · cites it 3×
Am. Samoa Gov't v. Leiataua, 27 Am. Samoa 2d 26 (1994). · cites it 3×
Jose Daniel Ruiz Coronado v. Bankatlantic Bancorp, 222 F.3d 1315 (11th Cir. 2000).
Ferguson v. Jefferson Cnty. (10th Cir. 2019).
(PS) Nelson Rogers v. Enjalran (E.D. Cal. 2020).
(PS) Nelson Rogers v. Enjalran (E.D. Cal. 2020).
BGC, Inc. v. Bryant (N.D. Cal. 2023).
Purbeck v. Wilkinson (D. Idaho 2021).
Pompy v. Monroe Bank & Trust (E.D. Mich. 2020).
Pyron v. Murphy (D. Minnesota 2020).
Pina v. Bank of Am. Corp. (S.D.N.Y. 2025).
Constantinos (D. Nev. 2025).
Pina v. Bank of Am. Corp. (S.D.N.Y. 2025).
Constantinos (D. Nev. 2025).
S.M. v. Dep't of Human Servs. (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2026).
United States v. Deloe (A.F.C.C.A. 2026).
Lopez v. First Union Nat'l Bank (11th Cir. 1997). · cites it 2×
Estiverne v. Plattsmier (5th Cir. 2001).
Gabriel Toader v. JPvMorgan Chase Bank, 482 F. App'x 180 (7th Cir. 2012).
People v. Adeniran, 116 A.D.3d 706 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014).
People v. Doty, 34 Misc. 3d 183 (2011).
McClain v. RBS Citizen's Bank, N.A., 57 F. Supp. 3d 438 (E.D. Pa. 2014).
United States v. Jenkins, 90 F. Supp. 3d 76 (W.D.N.Y. 2015).
Commonwealth v. Abbott, 21 Mass. L. Rptr. 588 (Mass. Super. Ct. 2006).
Yaodi Hu v. Park Nat'l Bank, 333 F. App'x 87 (7th Cir. 2009).
Huber v. Farmers Union Serv. Ass'n, 2010 ND 151 (N.D. 2010).
Yaodi Hu v. Park Nat'l Bank, 333 F. App'x 87 (7th Cir. 2009).
Jose Daniel Ruiz Coronado v. Bankatlantic Bancorp, 222 F.3d 1315 (11th Cir. 2000).
United States v. Tropp, 725 F. Supp. 482 (D. Wyo. 1989).
In Re Fujiyama, 83 B.R. 739 (Bankr. D. Haw. 1988).
Toledo Fair Hous. Ctr. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins., 705 N.E.2d 1 (Oh. Ct. Com. Pl., Lucas 1998).
Fed. Deposit Ins. v. Kansas Bankers Sur. Co., 732 F. Supp. 103 (W.D. Okla. 1990).
Russell v. United States Gen. Servs. Admin., 935 F. Supp. 1142 (D. Colo. 1996).
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