15 U.S.C. § 1681o

Civil liability for negligent noncompliance

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(a) In generalAny person who is negligent in failing to comply with any requirement imposed under this subchapter with respect to any consumer is liable to that consumer in an amount equal to the sum of—(1) any actual damages sustained by the consumer as a result of the failure; and(2) in the case of any successful action to enforce any liability under this section, the costs of the action together with reasonable attorney’s fees as determined by the court.(b) Attorney’s fees

On a finding by the court that an unsuccessful pleading, motion, or other paper filed in connection with an action under this section was filed in bad faith or for purposes of harassment, the court shall award to the prevailing party attorney’s fees reasonable in relation to the work expended in responding to the pleading, motion, or other paper.

(Pub. L. 90–321, title VI, § 617, as added Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, § 601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1134; amended Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, § 2412(d), (e)(2), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–446, 3009–447; Pub. L. 108–159, title VIII, § 811(e), Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 2012.)Editorial NotesAmendments

2003—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–159 inserted “and” after semicolon at end.

1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2412(d), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and substituted “Any person who” for “Any consumer reporting agency or user of information which”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2412(e)(2), added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2003 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–159 subject to joint regulations establishing effective dates as prescribed by Federal Reserve Board and Federal Trade Commission, except as otherwise provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–159, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective 365 days after Sept. 30, 1996, with special rule for early compliance, see section 2420 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of one hundred and eighty days following Oct. 26, 1970, see section 504(d) of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 477 cases (174 in the last 5 years), 1976–2026 · leading case: Denton v. PennyMac Loan Servs., LLC, 252 F. Supp. 3d 504 (E.D. Va. 2017).

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Denton v. PennyMac Loan Servs., LLC, 252 F. Supp. 3d 504 (E.D. Va. 2017). · cites it 6× “15 U.S.C. § 1681o; see also 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a)(3).”

Wood v. Credit One Bank, 277 F. Supp. 3d 821 (E.D. Va. 2017). · cites it 5× “§ 1681n, 10 and pleads alternatively that Credit One’s violations were negligent, entitling him to recover under 15 U.S.C. § 1681o. 11 For each count, Wood seeks actual damages, statutory damages, punitive damages, pre- and post-judgment interest, and costs and attorneys’ fees.”

Taylor v. First Advantage Background Servs. Corp., 207 F. Supp. 3d 1095 (N.D. Cal. 2016). · cites it 3× “1972)) (applying standard to FCRA claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1681o). In order to make a claim for negligent noncompliance, a plaintiff must establish actual damages.”

Brooke Persinger v. Sw. Credit Sys., L.P., 20 F.4th 1184 (7th Cir. 2021). · cites it 2× “15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a). A willful violation entitles a consumer to actual damages or statutory damages, with punitive damages left to No.”

Karen Jones v. Federated Fin. Reserve Corp. Randy Lind Trw, Inc. Janice Caylor, 144 F.3d 961 (6th Cir. 1998). · cites it 4× “§ 1681n; the district court’s instruction to the jury on Jones’s negligent noncomplianee claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1681o; the district court’s denial of Jones’s motion for a new trial; and the district court’s exclusion of Jones’s expert witness.”

Terry Cousin v. Trans Union Corp., 246 F.3d 359 (5th Cir. 2001). · cites it 2× “11 Under that section, “[wjhenever a consumer reporting agency prepares a consumer report, it shall follow reasonable procedures *367 to assure maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual about whom the report relates.”

McKeown v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 335 F. Supp. 2d 917 (W.D. Wis. 2004). · cites it 5× “15 U.S.C. §§ 1681o (negligent violations) and 1681n (willful violations); Henson v.”

Curtis J. Collins v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 775 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir. 2015). · cites it 3× “The FCRA creates a private right of action against consumer reporting agencies for the negligent, see 15 U.S.C. § 1681o, or -willful,' see 15 U.”

Sarmad Syed v. M-I, LLC, 853 F.3d 492 (9th Cir. 2017). “15 U.S.C. § 1681o. For a willful violation, however, a consumer may recover statutory damages ranging from $100 to $1,000, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees and costs.”

Grove v. Wells Fargo Fin. California, Inc., 606 F.3d 577 (9th Cir. 2010). · cites it 2× “" 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(2); id. § 1681n(a)(3).”

Long v. Pendrick Capital Partners II, LLC, 374 F. Supp. 3d 515 (D. Maryland 2019). · cites it 2× “Defendant's argument that it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's negligent violation of the FCRA claim because Plaintiff "has not provided any evidence of actual damages," ECF No. 57-1 at 12, is unpersuasive. First, a plaintiff may be entitled to judgment as a matter…”

Robinson v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 560 F.3d 235 (4th Cir. 2009). “” 15 U.S.C.A. § 1681o(a)(2). Because Robinson obtained relief on her FCRA claims, Equi-fax does not dispute that she was a “prevailing party.”

Show all 477 citing cases →

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(1) — 4 cases

George Koropoulos v. The Credit Bureau, Inc, 734 F.2d 37 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

Henson v. CSC Credit Servs., 830 F. Supp. 1204 (S.D. Ind. 1993).

Diehl v. The Money Source Inc. (S.D. Ala. 2018).

Wilson v. Prudential Fin. (D.D.C. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(2) — 2 cases

Bils v. Nixon, Hargrave, Devans & Doyle, 880 P.2d 743 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994).

Land v. Allied Collection Servs., Inc (D. Nev. 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a) — 80 cases

Terry Cousin v. Trans Union Corp., 246 F.3d 359 (5th Cir. 2001). “11 Under that section, “[wjhenever a consumer reporting agency prepares a consumer report, it shall follow reasonable procedures *367 to assure maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual about whom the report relates.”

Ahmed Kamal v. J. Crew Grp., Inc., 918 F.3d 102 (3rd Cir. 2019).

Brooke Persinger v. Sw. Credit Sys., L.P., 20 F.4th 1184 (7th Cir. 2021). “15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a). A willful violation entitles a consumer to actual damages or statutory damages, with punitive damages left to No.”

Stillmock v. Weis Markets, Inc., 385 F. App'x 267 (4th Cir. 2010).

Marshall Gross v. Citimortgage, Inc., 33 F.4th 1246 (9th Cir. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(1) — 45 cases

Chiang v. Verizon New England, Inc., 595 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 2010).

Taylor v. First Advantage Background Servs. Corp., 207 F. Supp. 3d 1095 (N.D. Cal. 2016). “1972)) (applying standard to FCRA claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1681o). In order to make a claim for negligent noncompliance, a plaintiff must establish actual damages.”

Klint L. Mowrer v. DOT, 14 F.4th 723 (D.C. Cir. 2021).

Alston v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 585 F.3d 753 (3rd Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(2) — 23 cases

Grove v. Wells Fargo Fin. California, Inc., 606 F.3d 577 (9th Cir. 2010). “" 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(2); id. § 1681n(a)(3).”

Sheffer v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 290 F. Supp. 2d 538 (E.D. Pa. 2003).

Denton v. PennyMac Loan Servs., LLC, 252 F. Supp. 3d 504 (E.D. Va. 2017). “15 U.S.C. § 1681o; see also 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a)(3).”

Dennis v. Experian Infomation, 520 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2008).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(I) — 1 case

Leysoto v. Mama Mia I., Inc., 255 F.R.D. 693 (S.D. Fla. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(i) — 1 case

Gagnon v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 563 B.R. 835 (N.D. Ill. 2017).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(l) — 12 cases

Curtis J. Collins v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 775 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir. 2015). “The FCRA creates a private right of action against consumer reporting agencies for the negligent, see 15 U.S.C. § 1681o, or -willful,' see 15 U.”

Santangelo v. Comcast Corp., 162 F. Supp. 3d 691 (N.D. Ill. 2016).

Selvam v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 651 F. App'x 29 (2d Cir. 2016).

Edeh v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 974 F. Supp. 2d 1220 (D. Minnesota 2013).

Taylor v. Screening Reports, Inc., 294 F.R.D. 680 (N.D. Ga. 2013).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(b) — 7 cases

Rouse v. Law Offices of Rory Clark, 603 F.3d 699 (9th Cir. 2010).

Taylor v. Chase Auto Fin. Corp., 850 F. Supp. 2d 637 (N.D. Miss. 2012).

Akintola v. Backgroundchecks.com, LLC (D. Maryland 2022).

Foster v. Exeter Fin., LLC (E.D. Mo. 2019).

Burwell v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC (M.D. Tenn. 2024).

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