15 U.S.C. § 1691a
Definitions; rules of construction
2010—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1085(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: “The term ‘Board’ refers to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.”
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1085(1), substituted “Bureau” for “Board”.
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Notes of Decisions
Cited in 177
cases (45 in the last 5 years), 1980–2026 · leading case: Tina Alexander v. Ameripro Funding, Incorpo, 848 F.3d 698 (5th Cir. 2017).
Tina Alexander v. Ameripro Funding, Incorpo, 848 F.3d 698 (5th Cir. 2017). ““Applicant” is defined as “any person who applies to a creditor directly for an extension, renewal, or continuation of credit, or applies to a creditor indirectly by use of an existing credit plan for an amount exceeding a previously established credit limit.”
Valerie Hawkins v. Cmty. Bank of Raymore, 761 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. 2014). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). Interpreting this statutory definition, the Federal Reserve Bank promulgated 12 C.”
Swanson v. Citibank, N.A., 614 F.3d 400 (7th Cir. 2010). “(The appraisal defendants point out that they do not extend credit, and thus their actions are not covered in any event by the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(e).) The Fair Housing Act makes it "unlawful for any person or other entity whose business includes…”
Regions Bank v. Legal Outsource PA, 936 F.3d 1184 (11th Cir. 2019). “We discuss only our reasons for concluding that the district court correctly granted summary judgment against Lisa Phoenix’s counterclaims on the ground that a guarantor is not an “applicant” for credit within the meaning of the Act, see 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). The Equal Credit…”
SeTara Tyson v. Sterling Rental, 836 F.3d 571 (6th Cir. 2016). “, 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b) (defining an "applicant” entitled to protection under the Act without reference to the truth of the information supporting her application for credit); 12 C.”
Marissa Bibbs v. Trans Union LLC, 43 F.4th 331 (3d Cir. 2022). “If that were the case, individuals other than typical sophisticated creditors would not be allowed to access individuals’ credit Section 1681a states that the term “creditor” has the same 13 meaning under 15 U.S.C.A. § 1691a. 14 The full definition provides that a “person” under…”
Karun N. Jackson v. Specialized Loan Servicing LLC, 898 F.3d 1348 (11th Cir. 2018). “" Plaintiffs made diligent efforts to determine whether SLS's default notices were mere clerical errors or represented SLS's termination of the loan modification agreement.”
RL BB Acquisition, LLC v. Bridgemill Commons Dev. Grp., LLC, 754 F.3d 380 (6th Cir. 2014). “See 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). Regulation B, however, contains its own definition of “applicant,” and that definition allows guarantors to sue for violations of the spouse-guarantor rule.”
Teresa Barney v. Holzer Clinic, Ltd., 110 F.3d 1207 (6th Cir. 1997). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). Regulation B provides a slightly different definition: “Applicant means any person who requests or who has received an extension of credit from a creditor, and includes any person who is or may become contractually liable regarding an extension of credit.”
Lott Johnson v. Sonny Perdue, 862 F.3d 712 (8th Cir. 2017). “15 U.S.C. § 1691a(e). The ECOA’s implementing regulations further define a creditor as “a person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participates in a credit decision, including setting the terms of the credit.”
Travelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am. v. Ther Kansas City Landsmen, L.L.C., 592 F. App'x 876 (11th Cir. 2015). “§ 1681a(r)(5) (incorporating by reference definitions of “credit” and “creditor” contained at 15 U.S.C. § 1691a with 15 U.S.C. § 1602 (f), (g) (setting forth its own definitions of the terms “credit” and “creditor,” respectively).”
Rockridge Trust v. Wells Fargo, N.A., 985 F. Supp. 2d 1110 (N.D. Cal. 2013). “The ECOA defines “credit” to mean “the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer payment of debt or to incur debts and defer its payment or to purchase property or services and defer payment therefor.”
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(4): 1 case
Johnson v. Rov Main, Inc, No. 2:22-cv-05219 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 31, 2023).
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(a): 2 cases
Vega v. Cmty. Dev. Fin. Inst. Local Initiatives Support Corp. Milwaukee Off., No. 2:23-cv-01357 (E.D. Wis. Sept. 30, 2024).
Vega v. Cmty. Dev. Fin. Inst. Local Initiatives Support Corp. Milwaukee Off., No. 2:23-cv-01357 (E.D. Wis. Sept. 30, 2025).
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b): 63 cases
Valerie Hawkins v. Cmty. Bank of Raymore, 761 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. 2014). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). Interpreting this statutory definition, the Federal Reserve Bank promulgated 12 C.”
Regions Bank v. Legal Outsource PA, 936 F.3d 1184 (11th Cir. 2019). “We discuss only our reasons for concluding that the district court correctly granted summary judgment against Lisa Phoenix’s counterclaims on the ground that a guarantor is not an “applicant” for credit within the meaning of the Act, see 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). The Equal Credit…”
Tina Alexander v. Ameripro Funding, Incorpo, 848 F.3d 698 (5th Cir. 2017). ““Applicant” is defined as “any person who applies to a creditor directly for an extension, renewal, or continuation of credit, or applies to a creditor indirectly by use of an existing credit plan for an amount exceeding a previously established credit limit.”
RL BB Acquisition, LLC v. Bridgemill Commons Dev. Grp., LLC, 754 F.3d 380 (6th Cir. 2014). “See 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). Regulation B, however, contains its own definition of “applicant,” and that definition allows guarantors to sue for violations of the spouse-guarantor rule.”
Germain v. M & T Bank Corp., 111 F. Supp. 3d 506 (S.D.N.Y. 2015).
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(d): 45 cases
Karun N. Jackson v. Specialized Loan Servicing LLC, 898 F.3d 1348 (11th Cir. 2018). “" Plaintiffs made diligent efforts to determine whether SLS's default notices were mere clerical errors or represented SLS's termination of the loan modification agreement.”
Brian Midkiff Monica Midkiff v. Adams Cnty. Reg'l Water Dist., 409 F.3d 758 (6th Cir. 2005).
Schlegel ex rel. Schlegel v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA, 720 F.3d 1204 (9th Cir. 2013).
Rockridge Trust v. Wells Fargo, N.A., 985 F. Supp. 2d 1110 (N.D. Cal. 2013). “The ECOA defines “credit” to mean “the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer payment of debt or to incur debts and defer its payment or to purchase property or services and defer payment therefor.”
RL BB Acquisition, LLC v. Bridgemill Commons Dev. Grp., LLC, 754 F.3d 380 (6th Cir. 2014). “See 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b). Regulation B, however, contains its own definition of “applicant,” and that definition allows guarantors to sue for violations of the spouse-guarantor rule.”
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(e): 84 cases
Swanson v. Citibank, N.A., 614 F.3d 400 (7th Cir. 2010). “(The appraisal defendants point out that they do not extend credit, and thus their actions are not covered in any event by the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(e).) The Fair Housing Act makes it "unlawful for any person or other entity whose business includes…”
Tina Alexander v. Ameripro Funding, Incorpo, 848 F.3d 698 (5th Cir. 2017). ““Applicant” is defined as “any person who applies to a creditor directly for an extension, renewal, or continuation of credit, or applies to a creditor indirectly by use of an existing credit plan for an amount exceeding a previously established credit limit.”
SeTara Tyson v. Sterling Rental, 836 F.3d 571 (6th Cir. 2016). “, 15 U.S.C. § 1691a(b) (defining an "applicant” entitled to protection under the Act without reference to the truth of the information supporting her application for credit); 12 C.”
Lott Johnson v. Sonny Perdue, 862 F.3d 712 (8th Cir. 2017). “15 U.S.C. § 1691a(e). The ECOA’s implementing regulations further define a creditor as “a person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participates in a credit decision, including setting the terms of the credit.”
Marissa Bibbs v. Trans Union LLC, 43 F.4th 331 (3d Cir. 2022). “If that were the case, individuals other than typical sophisticated creditors would not be allowed to access individuals’ credit Section 1681a states that the term “creditor” has the same 13 meaning under 15 U.S.C.A. § 1691a. 14 The full definition provides that a “person” under…”
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(f): 9 cases
Coleman v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 220 F.R.D. 64 (M.D. Tenn. 2004).
Williams v. Conner, 522 F. Supp. 2d 92 (D.D.C. 2007).
Integra Bank/Pittsburgh v. Freeman, 839 F. Supp. 326 (E.D. Pa. 1993).
BayBank v. Bornhofft, 694 N.E.2d 854 (Mass. 1998).
United States v. Am. Future Sys., Inc., 571 F. Supp. 551 (E.D. Pa. 1983).
15 U.S.C. § 1691a(g): 3 cases
Diaz v. Paragon Motors of Woodside, Inc., 424 F. Supp. 2d 519 (E.D.N.Y. 2006).
Osborne v. Bank of Am., 234 F. Supp. 2d 804 (M.D. Tenn. 2002).
Davis v. Reg'l Acceptance Corp., 300 F. Supp. 2d 377 (E.D. Va. 2002).
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