U.S. Code
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Title 21
» Chapter CHAPTER 13— DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER I— CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT › Part Part D— Offenses and Penalties
21 U.S.C. § 863
Drug paraphernalia
(a) In generalIt is unlawful for any person—(1) to sell or offer for sale drug paraphernalia;(2) to use the mails or any other facility of interstate commerce to transport drug paraphernalia; or(3) to import or export drug paraphernalia.(b) PenaltiesAnyone convicted of an offense under subsection (a) of this section shall be imprisoned for not more than three years and fined under title 18.
(c) Seizure and forfeitureAny drug paraphernalia involved in any violation of subsection (a) of this section shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture upon the conviction of a person for such violation. Any such paraphernalia shall be delivered to the Administrator of General Services, General Services Administration, who may order such paraphernalia destroyed or may authorize its use for law enforcement or educational purposes by Federal, State, or local authorities.
(d) “Drug paraphernalia” definedThe term “drug paraphernalia” means any equipment, product, or material of any kind which is primarily intended or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, concealing, producing, processing, preparing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance, possession of which is unlawful under this subchapter. It includes items primarily intended or designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing marijuana,11 So in original. Probably should be “marihuana,”. cocaine, hashish, hashish oil, PCP, methamphetamine, or amphetamines into the human body, such as—(1) metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, or ceramic pipes with or without screens, permanent screens, hashish heads, or punctured metal bowls;(2) water pipes;(3) carburetion tubes and devices;(4) smoking and carburetion masks;(5) roach clips: meaning objects used to hold burning material, such as a marihuana cigarette, that has become too small or too short to be held in the hand;(6) miniature spoons with level capacities of one-tenth cubic centimeter or less;(7) chamber pipes;(8) carburetor pipes;(9) electric pipes;(10) air-driven pipes;(11) chillums;(12) bongs;(13) ice pipes or chillers;(14) wired cigarette papers; or(15) cocaine freebase kits.(e) Matters considered in determination of what constitutes drug paraphernaliaIn determining whether an item constitutes drug paraphernalia, in addition to all other logically relevant factors, the following may be considered:(1) instructions, oral or written, provided with the item concerning its use;(2) descriptive materials accompanying the item which explain or depict its use;(3) national and local advertising concerning its use;(4) the manner in which the item is displayed for sale;(5) whether the owner, or anyone in control of the item, is a legitimate supplier of like or related items to the community, such as a licensed distributor or dealer of tobacco products;(6) direct or circumstantial evidence of the ratio of sales of the item(s) to the total sales of the business enterprise;(7) the existence and scope of legitimate uses of the item in the community; and(8) expert testimony concerning its use.(f) ExemptionsThis section shall not apply to—(1) any person authorized by local, State, or Federal law to manufacture, possess, or distribute such items; or(2) any item that, in the normal lawful course of business, is imported, exported, transported, or sold through the mail or by any other means, and traditionally intended for use with tobacco products, including any pipe, paper, or accessory.(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 422, as added and amended Pub. L. 101–647, title XXIV, § 2401(a)–(c), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4858, 4859; Pub. L. 106–310, div. B, title XXXVI, § 3614, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1230.)Editorial NotesCodificationThe text of section 857(b) to (f) of this title, which was transferred to subsecs. (b) to (f) of this section by Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), was based on Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1822(b)–(f), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–51; Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, § 6485, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4384.
Amendments2000—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–310 inserted “methamphetamine,” after “PCP,” in introductory provisions.
1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(c)(1), substituted “fined under title 18” for “fined not more than $100,000”.
Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), redesignated subsec. (b) of section 857 of this title as subsec. (b) of this section. See Codification note above.
Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), redesignated subsecs. (c) to (e) of section 857 of this title as subsecs. (c) to (e) of this section. See Codification note above.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(c)(2), made technical amendment to reference to “This section” to correct reference to corresponding provision of original act.
Pub. L. 101–647, § 2401(b), redesignated subsec. (f) of section 857 of this title as subsec. (f) of this section. See Codification note above.
Notes of Decisions
United States v. James Romans, 823 F.3d 299 (5th Cir. 2016).
· cites it 2× ““Drug paraphernalia” is defined at 21 U.S.C. § 863 (d) as: any equipment, product, or material of any kind which is primarily intended or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, concealing, producing, processing, preparing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or…”
United States v. Search of Music City Mktg., Inc., 212 F.3d 920 (6th Cir. 2000).
· cites it 12× “Music City appealed, arguing: (1) that the definition of drug paraphernalia contained in 21 U.S.C. § 863 was unconstitutionally vague as applied to the seized items; and (2) that based on prior representations made by United States Customs Officers, it was a violation of due…”
Posters 'N' Things, Ltd. v. United States, 511 U.S. 513 (1994).
· cites it 2× “Section 863(a) makes it unlawful for any person "(1) to sell or offer for sale drug paraphernalia; (2) to use the mails or any other facility of interstate commerce to transport drug paraphernalia; or (3) to import or export drug paraphernalia.”
Mellouli v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct. 1980 (2015).
“See 21 U.S.C. § 863 (a) - (b). Nor does federal law define drug paraphernalia to include common household or ready-to-wear items like socks; rather, it defines paraphernalia as any "equipment, product, or material" which is "primarily intended or designed for use " in connection…”
United States v. Assorted Drug Paraphernalia, 90 F. Supp. 3d 1222 (D.N.M. 2015).
· cites it 13× “§ 881 (a)(10) because the Defendant Property constitutes drug paraphernalia as defined by 21 U.S.C. § 863 (d). The United States attached to its motion sworn declarations from four law enforcement agents.”
United States v. Marshall, 332 F.3d 254 (4th Cir. 2003).
· cites it 12× “After a trial that exceeded twenty trial days, the jury convicted all Defendants on Count One of the indictment, which charged conspiracy to: (1) knowingly sell and offer for sale drug paraphernalia, in violation of the drug paraphernalia statute, see 21 U.S.C.A. § 863 (a)(1)…”
United States v. Randall Gray, 982 F.2d 1020 (6th Cir. 1993).
· cites it 5× “The government later sought dismissal of this indictment in exchange for a guilty plea to one count of selling drug paraphernalia, in contravention of 21 U.S.C. § 863 (Supp. II 1990). This plea was accepted by the district court on June 28, 1991.”
United States v. Michael James Sandsness, 988 F.2d 970 (9th Cir. 1993).
· cites it 5× “§ 857 (1988) (now 21 U.S.C. § 863 (1992)), the statute defining the crime to which he pleaded guilty, is vague and overbroad.”
CannaKorp, Inc. v. United States, 2017 CIT 83 (Ct. Intl. Trade 2017).
· cites it 5× “, because it fell within the ambit of the CSA’s exemption provision, 21 U.S.C. § 863 (f)(1). 2 Compl., Ex. 3 at 1, ECF No.”
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