U.S. Code » Title 42 » Chapter CHAPTER 21— CIVIL RIGHTS › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER I–A— INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS

42 U.S.C. § 1997b

Certification requirements; Attorney General to personally sign certification

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(a) At the time of the commencement of an action under section 1997a of this title the Attorney General shall certify to the court—(1) that at least 49 calendar days previously the Attorney General has notified in writing the Governor or chief executive officer and attorney general or chief legal officer of the appropriate State or political subdivision and the director of the institution of—(A) the alleged conditions which deprive rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States and the alleged pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of such rights, privileges, or immunities;(B) the supporting facts giving rise to the alleged conditions and the alleged pattern or practice, including the dates or time period during which the alleged conditions and pattern or practice of resistance occurred; and when feasible, the identity of all persons reasonably suspected of being involved in causing the alleged conditions and pattern or practice at the time of the certification, and the date on which the alleged conditions and pattern or practice were first brought to the attention of the Attorney General; and(C) the minimum measures which the Attorney General believes may remedy the alleged conditions and the alleged pattern or practice of resistance;(2) that the Attorney General has notified in writing the Governor or chief executive officer and attorney general or chief legal officer of the appropriate State or political subdivision and the director of the institution of the Attorney General’s intention to commence an investigation of such institution, that such notice was delivered at least seven days prior to the commencement of such investigation and that between the time of such notice and the commencement of an action under section 1997a of this title—(A) the Attorney General has made a reasonable good faith effort to consult with the Governor or chief executive officer and attorney general or chief legal officer of the appropriate State or political subdivision and the director of the institution, or their designees, regarding financial, technical, or other assistance which may be available from the United States and which the Attorney General believes may assist in the correction of such conditions and pattern or practice of resistance;(B) the Attorney General has encouraged the appropriate officials to correct the alleged conditions and pattern or practice of resistance through informal methods of conference, conciliation and persuasion, including, to the extent feasible, discussion of the possible costs and fiscal impacts of alternative minimum corrective measures, and it is the Attorney General’s opinion that reasonable efforts at voluntary correction have not succeeded; and(C) the Attorney General is satisfied that the appropriate officials have had a reasonable time to take appropriate action to correct such conditions and pattern or practice, taking into consideration the time required to remodel or make necessary changes in physical facilities or relocate residents, reasonable legal or procedural requirements, the urgency of the need to correct such conditions, and other circumstances involved in correcting such conditions; and(3) that the Attorney General believes that such an action by the United States is of general public importance and will materially further the vindication of rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States.(b) The Attorney General shall personally sign any certification made pursuant to this section.(Pub. L. 96–247, § 4, May 23, 1980, 94 Stat. 350; Pub. L. 97–256, title II, § 201(a), Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 816; Pub. L. 104–134, title I, § 101[(a)] [title VIII, § 803(b)], Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321, 1321–71; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 104–140, § 1(a), May 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1327.)Editorial NotesAmendments

1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–134, § 101[(a)] [title VIII, § 803(b)(1)(A)], substituted “the Attorney General” for “he” in introductory provisions and in subpar. (C).

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–134, § 101[(a)] [title VIII, § 803(b)(1)(A)], substituted “the Attorney General” for “he” wherever appearing in introductory provisions and in subpars. (A) to (C).

Pub. L. 104–134, § 101[(a)] [title VIII, § 803(b)(1)(B)], substituted “the Attorney General’s” for “his” in introductory provisions and in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–134, § 101[(a)] [title VIII, § 803(b)(1)(A)], substituted “the Attorney General” for “he”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–134, § 101[(a)] [title VIII, § 803(b)(2)], amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “Any certification made by the Attorney General pursuant to this section shall be personally signed by him.”

1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–256 substituted “section 1997a of this title” for “section 1997 of this title” in provisions preceding par. (1).

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 19 cases (2 in the last 5 years), 1983–2022 · leading case: United States v. Erie Cnty., Ny, 724 F. Supp. 2d 357 (W.D.N.Y. 2010).
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United States v. Erie Cnty., Ny, 724 F. Supp. 2d 357 (W.D.N.Y. 2010). · cites it 4× “See 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1). The statute also requires that the Attorney General set forth his pre-litigation efforts at resolving the matter.”
Shook v. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners, 543 F.3d 597 (10th Cir. 2008). “While the statute places some preconditions on the Attorney General’s ability to bring suit, such as, inter alia, a requirement that the Attorney General first notify state officials of the allegedly illegal conditions, 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, the statute places no conditions similar…”
Kitchen Ex Rel. the Est. of Kitchen v. Dallas Cnty., 759 F.3d 468 (5th Cir. 2014). “Instead, Plaintiff-Appellant has submitted a report produced pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997b by the Department of Justice addressing conditions at Dallas County Jail in 2006.”
United States v. State of Hawaii, 564 F. Supp. 189 (D. Haw. 1983). · cites it 3× “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a). The statute also requires the Attorney General to certify, inter alia, that he has consulted with certain state officials between the time when notice of an investigation is given and suit is filed.”
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). · cites it 12× “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). · cites it 12× “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. Michigan, 940 F.2d 143 (6th Cir. 1991). · cites it 2× “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2). . The “Hadix class” prisoners were plaintiffs in Hadix v.”
Hadix v. Johnson, 947 F. Supp. 1100 (E.D. Mich. 1996). “See also 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2)(B), which supports “informal methods of conference, conciliation, and persuasion.”
United States v. Pennsylvania, 832 F. Supp. 122 (E.D. Pa. 1993). · cites it 4× “The legislative history of CRIPA specifically states that the Attorney General’s certification is not intended to be subject to judicial review: As with certification requirements in other statutes, the facts and judgments contained in the certification under this Section [42…”
United States v. Tennessee, 798 F. Supp. 483 (W.D. Tenn. 1992). · cites it 2× “(“IDEA”); (4) Whether the allegations in the complaint are sufficient to support the filing of suit by the Attorney General pursuant to CRIPA; (5) Whether the' suit is an impermissible attempt to impose standards in excess of the constitutional minima contemplated under CRIPA;…”
United States v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 635 F. Supp. 588 (C.D. Cal. 1986). · cites it 2× “ble time to take appropriate action to correct such conditions and pattern or practice, taking into consideration the time required to remodel or make necessary changes in physical facilities or relocate residents, reasonable legal or procedural requirements, the urgency of the…”
United States v. Com. of Pa., 832 F. Supp. 122 (E.D. Pa. 1993). · cites it 4× “The legislative history of CRIPA specifically states that the Attorney General's certification is not intended to be subject to judicial review: As with certification requirements in other statutes, the facts and judgments contained in the certification under this Section [42…”
Show all 19 citing cases →
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a) — 4 cases
United States v. State of Hawaii, 564 F. Supp. 189 (D. Haw. 1983). “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a). The statute also requires the Attorney General to certify, inter alia, that he has consulted with certain state officials between the time when notice of an investigation is given and suit is filed.”
United States v. Pennsylvania, 832 F. Supp. 122 (E.D. Pa. 1993). “The legislative history of CRIPA specifically states that the Attorney General’s certification is not intended to be subject to judicial review: As with certification requirements in other statutes, the facts and judgments contained in the certification under this Section [42…”
United States v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 635 F. Supp. 588 (C.D. Cal. 1986). “ble time to take appropriate action to correct such conditions and pattern or practice, taking into consideration the time required to remodel or make necessary changes in physical facilities or relocate residents, reasonable legal or procedural requirements, the urgency of the…”
United States v. Com. of Pa., 832 F. Supp. 122 (E.D. Pa. 1993). “The legislative history of CRIPA specifically states that the Attorney General's certification is not intended to be subject to judicial review: As with certification requirements in other statutes, the facts and judgments contained in the certification under this Section [42…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1) — 2 cases
United States v. Erie Cnty., Ny, 724 F. Supp. 2d 357 (W.D.N.Y. 2010). “See 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1). The statute also requires that the Attorney General set forth his pre-litigation efforts at resolving the matter.”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1)(A) — 1 case
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1)(B) — 1 case
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1)(C) — 1 case
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2) — 12 cases
United States v. Erie Cnty., Ny, 724 F. Supp. 2d 357 (W.D.N.Y. 2010). “See 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1). The statute also requires that the Attorney General set forth his pre-litigation efforts at resolving the matter.”
United States v. Michigan, 940 F.2d 143 (6th Cir. 1991). “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2). . The “Hadix class” prisoners were plaintiffs in Hadix v.”
United States v. State of Hawaii, 564 F. Supp. 189 (D. Haw. 1983). “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a). The statute also requires the Attorney General to certify, inter alia, that he has consulted with certain state officials between the time when notice of an investigation is given and suit is filed.”
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2)(A) — 3 cases
United States v. Erie Cnty., Ny, 724 F. Supp. 2d 357 (W.D.N.Y. 2010). “See 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1). The statute also requires that the Attorney General set forth his pre-litigation efforts at resolving the matter.”
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2)(B) — 3 cases
Hadix v. Johnson, 947 F. Supp. 1100 (E.D. Mich. 1996). “See also 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2)(B), which supports “informal methods of conference, conciliation, and persuasion.”
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2)(C) — 2 cases
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(3) — 4 cases
United States v. Erie Cnty., Ny, 724 F. Supp. 2d 357 (W.D.N.Y. 2010). “See 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(1). The statute also requires that the Attorney General set forth his pre-litigation efforts at resolving the matter.”
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of NY, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (W.D.N.Y. 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York's Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
United States v. State of Alabama (N.D. Ala. 2021).
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(l) — 3 cases
United States v. Michigan, 940 F.2d 143 (6th Cir. 1991). “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(2). . The “Hadix class” prisoners were plaintiffs in Hadix v.”
United States v. State of Hawaii, 564 F. Supp. 189 (D. Haw. 1983). “42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a). The statute also requires the Attorney General to certify, inter alia, that he has consulted with certain state officials between the time when notice of an investigation is given and suit is filed.”
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(l)(A) — 1 case
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(l)(B) — 1 case
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1997b(a)(l)(C) — 1 case
United States v. New York, 690 F. Supp. 1201 (E.D.N.Y 1988). “The complaint, alleging a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1997b, et seq., CRIPA, alleges in general terms that the inpatients at the Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital [BPC] of the State of New York’s Office of Mental Health are deprived of rights secured to them by the United States…”
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