U.S. Code » Title 42 » Chapter CHAPTER 21— CIVIL RIGHTS › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER IV— PUBLIC EDUCATION

42 U.S.C. § 2000c

Definitions

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As used in this subchapter—(a) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Education.(b) “Desegregation” means the assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin, but “desegregation” shall not mean the assignment of students to public schools in order to overcome racial imbalance.(c) “Public school” means any elementary or secondary educational institution, and “public college” means any institution of higher education or any technical or vocational school above the secondary school level, provided that such public school or public college is operated by a State, subdivision of a State, or governmental agency within a State, or operated wholly or predominantly from or through the use of governmental funds or property, or funds or property derived from a governmental source.(d) “School board” means any agency or agencies which administer a system of one or more public schools and any other agency which is responsible for the assignment of students to or within such system.(Pub. L. 88–352, title IV, § 401, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 246; Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 906(a), June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 375; Pub. L. 96–88, title III, § 301(a)(1), title V, § 507, Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 677, 692.)Editorial NotesAmendments

1972—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–318 inserted “sex” after “religion,”.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesTransfer of Functions

“Secretary means the Secretary of Education” substituted for “Commissioner means the Commissioner of Education” in subsec. (a) pursuant to sections 301(a)(1) and 507 of Pub. L. 96–88, which are classified to sections 3441(a)(1) and 3507 of Title 20, Education, and which transferred all functions of Commissioner of Education of Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to Secretary of Education.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 123 cases (17 in the last 5 years), 1965–2026 · leading case: Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 590 U.S. 644 (2020).
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Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 590 U.S. 644 (2020). · cites it 3× “§2000c(b) (Civil Rights; Public Edu- cation; Definitions)  42 U. S. C. §2000c–6(a)(2) (Civil Rights; Public Education; Civil Actions by the Attorney Gen- eral)  42 U.”
Regents of the Univ. of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978). · cites it 2× “, and Title IV, 42 U. S. C. § 2000c et seq. (1970 ed. and Supp.”
Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983). · cites it 2× “241, 42 U. S. C. §§ 2000c, 2000c-6, 2000d, clearly expressed its agreement that racial discrimination in education violates a fundamental public policy.”
Sch. Comm. of Springfield v. Bd. of Educ., 287 N.E.2d 438 (Mass. 1972). · cites it 3× “By virtue of the racial imbalance law, it is the policy of this State “to encourage all school committees to adopt as educational objectives the promotion of racial balance and the correction of existing racial imbalance in the public schools.”
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 402 U.S. 1 (1971). “The school authorities argue that the equity powers of federal district courts have been limited by Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U. S. C. § 2000c. The language and the history of Title IV show that it was enacted not to limit but to define the role of the Federal…”
Robert O. Gilmore, Jr., & Inmates of San Quentin State Prison, United States of Am., Intervenor v. People of the State of California, 220 F.3d 987 (9th Cir. 2000). “1267 (rejecting school district’s argument that Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act limited equity powers of courts where Act defined "desegregation” as " 'assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race' ”) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §…”
Green v. Cnty. Sch. Bd. of New Kent Cnty., 391 U.S. 430 (1968). “In Title VI Congress declared that “No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied *434 the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal…”
Green v. Connally, 330 F. Supp. 1150 (D.D.C. 1971). · cites it 2× “pplying the prohibition against state school segregation to the Federal Government through the Fifth Amendment, the Supreme Court declared, “Segregation in public education is not reasonably related to any proper governmental objective * * The national policy against support for…”
Olson v. Bd. of Ed. of U. Free Sch. Dist. No. 12, Malverne, NY, 250 F. Supp. 1000 (E.D.N.Y 1966). · cites it 4× “§ 1343 (3), upon the ground that the action of the Commissioner violates the plaintiff’s rights under the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.A. § 2000c et seq.), seeking both a preliminary and a permanent injunction to restrain the defendants from…”
Ateres Bais Yaakov Academy of Rockland v. Town of Clarkstoawn, 88 F.4th 344 (2d Cir. 2023). “) asserting claims under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000c, et seq., under 42 U.S.”
United States v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Chicago, 588 F. Supp. 132 (N.D. Ill. 1984). · cites it 2× “(42 U.S.C. § 2000c; 34 C.F.R. §§ 270.03 ; 270.”
Cheryl Slingland v. Postmaster Gen., 542 F. App'x 189 (3d Cir. 2013). “She alleged that the Postal Service violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000c et seq., the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.”
Show all 123 citing cases →
42 U.S.C. § 2000c(a)(2)(C): 1 case
Cathedral Church of the Intercessor v. Inc. Vill. of Malverne, 353 F. Supp. 2d 375 (E.D.N.Y 2005).
42 U.S.C. § 2000c(a)(l): 1 case
Murphy v. Zoning Comm'n of the Town of New Milford, 289 F. Supp. 2d 87 (D. Conn. 2003).
42 U.S.C. § 2000c(a)(l)(A): 1 case
Westchester Day Sch. v. Vill. of Mamaroneck, 280 F. Supp. 2d 230 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).
42 U.S.C. § 2000c(b): 14 cases
Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 590 U.S. 644 (2020). “§2000c(b) (Civil Rights; Public Edu- cation; Definitions)  42 U. S. C. §2000c–6(a)(2) (Civil Rights; Public Education; Civil Actions by the Attorney Gen- eral)  42 U.”
Robert O. Gilmore, Jr., & Inmates of San Quentin State Prison, United States of Am., Intervenor v. People of the State of California, 220 F.3d 987 (9th Cir. 2000). “1267 (rejecting school district’s argument that Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act limited equity powers of courts where Act defined "desegregation” as " 'assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race' ”) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §…”
James E. Swann, & Cross-Appellants v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., & Cross-Appellees, 431 F.2d 138 (4th Cir. 1970).
Uniontown Area Sch. Dist. v. Pennsylvania Human Relations Comm'n, 313 A.2d 156 (Pa. 1973).
United States v. Jefferson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 380 F.2d 385 (5th Cir. 1967).
42 U.S.C. § 2000c(c): 3 cases
Blanciak v. Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 77 F.3d 690 (3d Cir. 1996).
Poindexter Ex Rel. Poindexter v. Louisiana Fin. Assistance Comm'n, 258 F. Supp. 158 (E.D. La. 1966).
Griffin v. State Bd. of Educ., 239 F. Supp. 560 (E.D. Va. 1965).
42 U.S.C. § 2000c(d): 2 cases
United States v. Massachusetts Mar. Academy, 762 F.2d 142 (1st Cir. 1985).
Godwin v. Johnston Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 301 F. Supp. 1339 (E.D.N.C. 1969).
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