United States v. Jeromey Clay Parker, United States of Am. v. Juv. Male, 956 F.2d 169 (8th Cir. 1992). · Go Syfert
United States v. Jeromey Clay Parker, United States of Am. v. Juv. Male, 956 F.2d 169 (8th Cir. 1992). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
76 citation events (27 in the last 25 years) across 23 distinct courts.
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discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. D. D. B.
7th Cir. · 2018 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
a transfer hearing is not a criminal proceeding which results in an adjudication of guilt or innocence, but a civil proceeding which results in an adjudication of status.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. D. D. B.
7th Cir. · 2018 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
a transfer hearing is not a criminal proceeding which results in an adjudication of guilt or innocence, but a civil proceeding which results in an adjudication of status.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. Alex Wong, Roger Kwok, Chen I. Chung, Tung Tran, Danny Ngo, Brian Chan, Joseph Wang, Chiang T. Cheng, and Steven Ng
2d Cir. · 1994 · signal: cf. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
we note that the defendant was not prejudiced by the district court's finding that no juvenile records exist because this finding militates against transfer.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. D.D.B.
7th Cir. · 2018 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
a transfer hearing is not a criminal proceeding which results in an adjudication of guilt or innocence, but a civil proceeding which results in an adjudication of status.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. McBride
Ohio Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Juvenile Male, 554 F.3d 456, 460 (4th Cir.2009); United States v. Doe, 49 F.3d 859, 868 (2d Cir.1995); United States v. T.F.F., 55 F.3d 1118, 1122 (6th Cir.1995); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Brandon P., 387 F.3d 969, 976-977 (9th Cir.2004).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Nicholas
Ohio · 2022 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Juvenile Male, 554 F.3d 456, 460 (4th Cir.2009); United States v. Doe, 49 F.3d 859, 868 (2d Cir.1995); United States v. T.F.F., 55 F.3d 1118, 1122 (6th Cir.1995); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Brandon P., 387 F.3d 969, 976-977 (9th Cir.2004).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mann v. Federal Bureau of Investigations
D.S.C. · 2020 · confidence medium
They allege Straube omitted critical information as to Smarr’s unreliability, thereby violating their Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. . at 2–3. 2 A district court may take judicial notice of materials in the court’s own files. , 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992) (the district court had the right to take judicial notice of a prior related proceeding); , 175 F.2d 716 (4th Cir. 1949). 3 The undersigned notes that if Plaintiffs are convicted in their upcoming trial, will likely be dismissed pursuant to , 512 U.S. 477 (1994).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juvenile Male
4th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
See 86 F.3d at 1322 -23 (citing United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. C.P.A. (2×)
D.N.D. · 2008 · confidence medium
BURDEN OF PROOF AND EVI-DENTIARY RULES “The purpose of a transfer hearing is to ascertain whether a juvenile should be tried as an adult for the alleged crime.” United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Merriweather v. Reynolds
D.S.C. · 2008 · confidence medium
Co. v. Coil, 887 F.2d 1236, 1239 (4th Cir.1989) (“We note that ‘the most frequent use of judicial notice is in noticing the content of court records.’ ”); Mann v. Peoples First National Bank & Trust Co., 209 F.2d 570, 572 (4th Cir.1954) (approving district court’s taking judicial notice of pri- or suit with same parties: “We think that the judge below was correct in holding that he could take judicial notice of the proceedings had before him in the prior suit to which Mann and the Distilling Company as well as the bank were parties.”); and United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 1…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. A.
10th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Robinson, 404 F.3d 850, 858 (4th Cir.) (addressing discretionary transfer 11 ), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 469 , 163 L.Ed.2d 356 (2005); see also Doe, 49 F.3d at 868 (2d Cir.1995) (applying preponderance-of-the-evidence standard and rejecting, in discretionary transfer proceeding, argument that burden of proof should instead be by clear and convincing evidence); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994) (discretionary transfer proceeding); United States v. Juvenile Male No. 1, 86 F.3d 1314, 1323 (4th Cir.1996) (discretionary transfer proceeding); Uni…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. David A.
10th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Robinson, 404 F.3d 850, 858 (4th Cir.) (addressing discretionary transfer 11 ), cert. denied, — U.S. ---, 126 S.Ct. 469 , 163 L.Ed.2d 356 (2005); see also Doe, 49 F.3d at 868 (2d Cir.1995) (applying preponderance-of-the-evidence standard and rejecting, in discretionary transfer proceeding, argument that burden of proof should instead be by clear and convincing evidence); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994) (discretionary transfer proceeding); United States v. Juvenile Male No. 1, 86 F.3d 1314, 1323 (4th Cir.1996) (discretionary transfer proceeding); Uni…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Brandon P., Juvenile Male
9th Cir. · 2004 · confidence medium
See United States v. Doe, 49 F.3d 859, 868 (2d Cir.1995); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994); United States v. Juvenile Male No. 1., 86 F.3d 1314, 1323 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. T.F.F., 55 F.3d 1118, 1122 (6th Cir.1995); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. I.D.P., 102 F.3d 507, 513 (11th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John Doe, a Juvenile
9th Cir. · 2004 · confidence medium
See Wong, 40 F.3d at 1369-70 ; United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir.1992). 9 Even more to the point, the Supreme Court has counseled against construing mandatory requirements concerning the conduct of a proceeding as “jurisdictional.” In Kontrick v. Ryan, — U.S. -, 124 S.Ct. 906 , 157 L.Ed.2d 867 (2004), the Court declined to treat as jurisdictional a bankruptcy rule stating that objections to discharge “shall be filed no later than” a specified date.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. D.R.
E.D. Va. · 2002 · confidence medium
In considering the nature of the offense factor, in particular, "the court shall consider the extent to which the juvenile played a leadership role in an organization, or otherwise influenced other persons to take part in criminal activities, involving the use or distribution of controlled substances or firearms.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032 . 8 .See One Juvenile Male, 40 F.3d at 845 ; A.R., 38 F.3d at 703 ; United States v. Nelson, 68 F.3d 583, 589 (2d Cir.1995) ("We think that it is the better practice for the district court simply to assume that, for the purposes of the transfer hearing, the juveni…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juvenile Male N.R.
8th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
United States v. G.T.W., 992 F.2d 198, 199 (8th Cir.1993); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. McCracken
Neb. · 2000 · confidence medium
Rather, the sole purpose of the transfer hearing ... is to determine ‘whether best interests of the child and of society would be served by the retention of the juvenile court authority over him or whether the juvenile, under all the circumstances, should be transferred to be tried as an adult.’. . .” (Quoting State v. Piche, 74 Wash. 2d 9 , 442 P.2d 632 (1968).) In other words, a transfer hearing is a hearing at which the district court considers only “ ‘the nature of the alleged offense,’ not the juvenile’s guilt or innocence of the charged offense.” U.S. v. Parker, 956 F.2d …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Terry L. Wilson
7th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
The government cites United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 172 (8th Cir.1992), where the court assumed without discussion that the district court properly considered a juvenile’s arrest record even though the arrests did not result in convictions.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Derrick Jarrett, Lawrence McCarroll Jeffrey Brock, Jamie J. Key, Dwight Anderson, Samir Hameen, and Judy McCarroll
7th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In Re: Sealed Case (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See Impounded, 120 F.3d 457, 460 (3d Cir.1997); United States v. Wong, 40 F.3d 1347, 1369-70 (2d Cir.1994), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 190 , 133 L.Ed.2d 127 (1995); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 222-23 (10th Cir.1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juvenile K.J.C.
N.D. Iowa · 1997 · confidence medium
I.D.P., 102 F.3d at 513 ; Juvenile Male No. 1, 86 F.3d at 1323 ; T.F.F., 55 F.3d at 1120 ; United States v. Doe, 49 F.3d 859, 868 (2d Cir.1995); A.R., 38 F.3d at 703 ; United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992). “ ‘Thus, a motion to transfer is properly granted where a court determines that the risk of harm to society posed by affording the defendant more lenient treatment within the juvenile justice system outweighs the defendant’s chance for rehabilitation.” United States v. T.F.F., 55 F.3d at 1120 (quoting United States v. One Juvenile Male, 40 F.3d 841, 844 (6th Cir.…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) IMPOUNDED (Juvenile I.H., Appellant)
3rd Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Wong, 40 F.3d 1347, 1369-70 (2nd Cir. 1994); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir. 1992); United States v. Juvenile Male, 923 F.2d 614, 620 (8th Cir. 1991); and United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 222-23 (10th Cir. 1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Impounded
3rd Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Wong, 40 F.3d 1347, 1369-70 (2nd Cir. 1994); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir. 1992); United States v. Juvenile Male, 923 F.2d 614, 620 (8th Cir. 1991); and United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 222-23 (10th Cir. 1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. One Male Juvenile
4th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Although courts have vacated adjudications of delinquency on direct appeal where there was no effort to deliver juveniles' prior court records to the district court, see, e.g., United States v. Doe, 13 F.3d 302, 304-05 (9th Cir. 1993); United States v. M.I.M., 932 F.2d 1016, 1020 (1st Cir. 1991), courts have also recognized that the record certification pro- vision of § 5032 should be read to afford the government a limited amount of flexibility, see United States v. Wong, 40 F.3d 1347, 1369 (2d Cir. 1994); United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juvenile Male
4th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992); see also United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3rd Cir. 1994) ("Although the government bears the burden of rebut- ting the statutory presumption of juvenile treatment, the government need only persuade the court by a preponderance of the evidence.") (citing Parker).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Angelo D.
10th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir.1992) (court declined to stand on techmcality and affirms even though certification was not done by the appropriate person); Doe, 871 F.2d at 1257 (court found the Assistant Umted States Attorney had merely performed a mimsterial act in sigmng the motion to transfer).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juvenile Male 1 (2×)
4th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); see also United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3rd Cir.1994) (“Although the government bears the burden of rebutting the statutory presumption of juvenile treatment, the government need only persuade the court by a preponderance of the evidence.”) (citing Parker).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John Doe
2d Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
Accord United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d at 703 ; United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. D.F.
E.D. Wis. · 1994 · confidence medium
United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Furey, 500 F.2d 338, 342 (2nd Cir.1974).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Juvenile Male
4th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
The findings regarding Juvenile Male's social background, intellectual development, and psychological maturity are adequate under Sec. 5032. * See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992) (findings of "too little evidence about his social background to make a conclusion about it" and"no evidence of psychological immaturity" adequate to support transfer under Sec. 5032). 14 Because the record evidences that the district court considered and made findings with regard to each of the factors listed in Sec. 5032 and there was no abuse of discretion, we affirm the decision of the d…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. G.T.W., a Male Juvenile, United States of America v. T.L.F., a Male Juvenile (2×)
8th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
As we have held in United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992), in reviewing a section 5032 ruling, we review findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard and the ultimate decision to prosecute as an adult under the abuse of discretion standard.
discussed Cited "see" Hunter v. Joseph
D.S.C. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992) (holding that the district court had the right to take judicial notice of a prior related proceeding); see also Fletcher v. Bryan, 175 F.2d 716 (4th Cir. 1949).
discussed Cited "see" Jones v. Socha
D.S.C. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992) 2 jobs, sovereign immunity,4 $250,000, and “a permanent restraining order on Cayce Police Department.” ECF No. 1 at p. 6; ECF No 1-1 at p. 3.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Y.C.T. Male Juvenile
D.P.R. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 172 (8th Cir.1992) (finding that transfer of juvenile based on gravity of crime involved was not an abuse of discretion); A.R., 38 F.3d at 705 (finding that a court is justified weighing the seriousness of the crime more heavily).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Gonzales (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. T.F.F., 55 F.3d 1118, 1122 (6th Cir.1995); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3rd Cir.1994); United States v. Doe, 49 F.3d 859, 868 (2d Cir.1995); but see United States v. M.L., 811 F.Supp. 491, 493-94 (C.D.Cal.1992) (applying clear and convincing standard to decision to transfer child to adult criminal court). {22} In Apprendi , the Supreme Court held that, "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted t…
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Juvenile (Ih)
D.V.I. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See, United States v. Juvenile Male, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1991) (where same judge presides at both hearings, district court had right to incorporate at a subsequent hearing on motion to transfer transcript of prior hearing vacated for lack of jurisdiction despite respondent's objection that transcript was inadmissible hearsay).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Juvenile JG
8th Cir. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Juvenile Jg
8th Cir. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992).
cited Cited "see" United States v. T.F.F., a Juvenile Male
6th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. A.R., 38 F.3d 699, 703 (3d Cir.1994); United States v. Doe, 49 F.3d 859, 868 (2d Cir.1995).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Jeromey Clay Parker, United States of America v. Phillip Allen Potter
8th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169 (8th Cir.1992).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Long v. Ozmint
D.S.C. · 2008 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Smith
1st Cir. · 1999 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Smith
1st Cir. · 1999 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992); Fed.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." No. 98-1807
1st Cir. · 1999 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir.1992); Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). 15 Smith has undertaken a difficult burden in challenging the transfer. "[N]o court of appeals has ever found that a district court abused its discretion by failing to balance properly the six statutory factors." United States v. Juvenile Male # 1, 47 F.3d 68, 71 (2d Cir.1995) (citing cases).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. NJB
4th Cir. · 1997 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir. 1992).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Njb, a Male Juvenile
4th Cir. · 1997 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 170 (8th Cir.1992).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Tlw
C.D. Ill. · 1996 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169 (8th Cir.1992) with United States v. M.L., 811 F.Supp. 491 (C.D.Cal.1992).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. A.R.
3rd Cir. · 1994 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Parker, 956 F.2d 169, 171 (8th Cir. 1992); United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 220 (10th Cir. 4 Our analysis of this point, as well as of the issues presented more generally in this case, is informed by the Supreme Court's opinion in Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966), in which it considered the question of what protections must be afforded a juvenile at a transfer hearing.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Jeromey Clay PARKER, Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. JUVENILE MALE, Appellant
91-2192, 91-2244.
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
Feb 4, 1992.
956 F.2d 169
Bennett Scott Nolan, Fort Smith, Ark., argued, for appellant Jeromey Clay Parker., Robert Edwin Hough, Fort Smith, Ark., argued, for juvenile male in 91-2244., William M. Cromwell, Fort Smith, Ark., argued, for appellee.
Bowman, Henley, Beam.
Cited by 58 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 61%
Citer courts: Seventh Circuit (1)
BEAM, Circuit Judge.

Juvenile males Jeromey Clay Parker and P.P. appeal the district court’s [1] order transferring them pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 5032 from juvenile to adult court for criminal prosecution.

In February 1990, Parker was charged with traveling interstate, from Oklahoma to Arkansas, with the intent to commit murder in consideration for money (“murder-for-hire”), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1958(a), and both Parker and P.P. were charged with conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Following a transfer hearing on April 25, 1990, the district court granted the government’s motions to proceed against Parker and P.P. as adults. On appeal from that decision, we held that the district court had lacked jurisdiction because the government had not complied with certain jurisdictional prerequisites. United States v. Juvenile Male, 923 F.2d 614 (8th Cir.1991) (Juvenile Male I). The government filed amended complaints, [2] certifications, and motions to proceed against Parker and P.P. as adults. At the transfer hearing on May 20, 1991, the district court incorporated the testimony from the 1990 hearing over the juveniles’ hearsay objection. The government offered no additional evidence or testimony; and the juveniles called several additional witnesses. The district court granted the government’s motion to transfer, and both juveniles appealed. Parker has moved to strike the government’s “Statement of the Case.” We agree that the government’s statement contains numerous factual allegations that are not supported by the record. Therefore we grant the motion, and decide this ease without considering the stricken portion of the government’s brief.

Parker argues that the district court lacked jurisdiction because the government did not comply with 18 U.S.C. § 5032. That section provides in pertinent part: “Any proceedings against a juvenile under this chapter or as an adult shall not be commenced until any prior juvenile court records of such juvenile have been received by the court, or the clerk of the juvenile court has certified in writing that the juvenile has no prior record.” 18 U.S.C. § 5032. In Juvenile Male I, we held that the district court lacked jurisdiction because it received neither prior juvenile court records nor certifications from the clerk that prior records did not exist or were unavailable. Id. at 620. Here, the government provided the district court with a letter from an associate district court judge for the state of Oklahoma [3] stating that he found “no proceedings against [Parker]” in LeFlore County, Oklahoma, and letters from assistant district attorneys in three other Oklahoma counties stating that no charges had been filed against Parker in their respective counties. Parker does not dispute that he has no prior record, but argues that the letters provided by the government are not certified by the appropriate court clerks as required by the statute. We note that Parker was not prejudiced by the district court’s finding that no juvenile records exist because this finding militates against transfer. In any event, we decline to stand on technicalities. We hold that the government adequately complied with the statutory requirements of section 5032, and the district court had jurisdiction to hear the case.

[*171] Parker and P.P. next argue that the district court erred in incorporating the transcript of the 1990 hearing into the 1991 hearing over their hearsay objection. We note that the same judge presided over both hearings, and the government filed amended complaints bearing the same case numbers as the original complaints. We conclude that the 1990 hearing was a prior, related proceeding of which the district court had the right to take judicial notice; “it had no duty to grind the same corn a second time. Once was sufficient.” Aloe Creme Laboratories, Inc. v. Francine Co., 425 F.2d 1295, 1296 (5th Cir.1970). We are not persuaded by P.P.’s additional argument that the admission of the 1990 hearing transcript denied him the right to confront witnesses because the government added the murder-for-hire charge to the amended complaint. The purpose of a transfer hearing is to ascertain whether a juvenile should be tried as an adult for the alleged crime. The district court considers only “the nature of the alleged offense,” not the juvenile’s guilt or innocence of the charged offense. Counsel’s objective in confronting witnesses remains the same regardless of the offense charged: to avoid transfer of his client. We note that P.P. was represented by counsel at the 1990 hearing and had an opportunity to cross-examine the government’s witnesses; he was represented by the same counsel at the 1991 hearing and had an opportunity to present any additional evidence which he chose to present. P.P. neglects to state specifically how his counsel would have conducted cross-examination differently had P.P. been charged with the murder-for-hire offense at the time of the 1990 hearing, and we do not believe that counsel would have had any reason to change his questioning.

P.P. further argues that the district court erred in not requiring the government to prove its case for transfer beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree. A transfer hearing is not a criminal proceeding which results in an adjudication of guilt or innocence, but a civil proceeding which results in an adjudication of status. As such, the government’s burden of proof is only a preponderance of the evidence.

Appellants’ remaining arguments challenge the district court’s findings and decision to transfer. Our review of the district court’s factual findings is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a), which provides: “Findings of fact ... shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge of the credibility of the witnesses.” A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when “although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court ... is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 542, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948)). We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to transfer. United States v. A.W.J., 804 F.2d 492, 493 (8th Cir.1986).

As required by 18 U.S.C. § 5032, the district court considered and made written findings for each juvenile as to six specific factors: (1) the juvenile’s age and social background; (2) the nature of the alleged offense; (3) the extent and nature of the juvenile’s prior delinquency record; (4) the juvenile’s present intellectual development and psychological maturity; (5) the nature of past treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts; and (6) the availability of programs designed to treat the juvenile’s behavioral problems. As to P.P., the court found that he was seventeen at the time of the offense and that there was too little evidence about his social background to make a conclusion about it; the nature of the alleged offense was particularly heinous; P.P. had been adjudicated delinquent, resulting in incarceration; his I.Q. is at the low end of the average range, but he could appreciate the nature of his acts and participate knowingly in a trial, and there was no evidence of psychological immaturity; past treatment efforts had not been successful; and Oklahoma did not have any treatment programs available. As to Parker, the court found that he was almost seventeen at the time of the offense and that his social background could not be termed deprived; the nature[*172] of the alleged offense was particularly heinous; although Parker had no official delinquency record, he had been arrested for burglary of a church and for a weapons offense; he is a “bright boy” with some indication of mild psychological immaturity; he had limited counseling and his mother testified he could probably benefit from counseling; and Oklahoma had no treatment programs available. On the basis of its findings and its weighing of these factors, the court concluded that appellants’ transfer for adult prosecution would be “in the interest of justice” within the meaning of section 5032.

Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude that the district court’s findings are not clearly erroneous. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). Further, in light of the gravity of the crime involved, weighed against the other five statutory factors, we find that the court’s transfer of appellants for adult prosecution was not an abuse of discretion. See A.W.J., 804 F.2d at 493.

Accordingly, we affirm.

1

. The Honorable Morris S. Arnold, United States District Judge for the Western District of Arkansas.

2

. The government added a charge of murder-for-hire to P.P.’s amended complaint.

3

. The Oklahoma district courts have jurisdiction over juvenile court matters. See Okla.Stat. tit. 20, § 91.1 (1990). The record reflects that the associate district court judge in the instant case presided over cases in the Juvenile and Family Relations Division of the District Court of Le-Flore County, Oklahoma.