Richard Guzman and Mary Ann Guzman v. The Western State Bank of Devils Lake, a North Dakota Corp. (1976)

IV) (calculating “actual damages” for purposes of a counterfeit labeling statute in terms of financial loss); Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F. 2d 948, 953 (CA8 1976) (stating that compensatory damages in a civil rights suit “can be awarded for emotional and mental distress even though no actual damages are proven”). 4 The dissent criticizes us for noting that the dictionary definition contains an element of circularity.

See, e.g., Rowlett v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 832 F.2d 194, 207 (1st Cir.1987); Shimman v. Frank, 625 F.2d 80, 102-04 (6th Cir.1980); Bell v. City of Milwaukee, 746 F.2d 1205, 1279 (7th Cir.1984); Douglas v. Metro Rental Services, Inc., 827 F.2d 252, 257 (7th Cir.1987); Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir.1976).

See O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S., supra, at 576-77, 95 S.Ct. 2486 . 35 Since O'Connor and Wood, the courts of appeals have displayed little hesitancy in extending the qualified immunity to a variety of officials, including: (1) parole officers, Wolfel v. Sanborn, 555 F.2d 583, 591 (6th Cir. 1977); (2) jailers, Bryan v. Jones, 530 F.2d 1210, 1213-15 (5th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 865 , 97 S.Ct. 174 , 50 L.Ed.2d 145 (1976); (3) state bank officials, Guzman v. …

Redden, Punitive Damages § 6.1(D)(4)(c), (d) (2d ed.1989), we have indicated that such an award may be made in section 1983 cases, see Stolberg v. Members of Board of Trustees, 474 F.2d 485, 489 (2d Cir.1973), as have most courts of appeals, see Glover v. Alabama Dep’t of Corrections, 734 F.2d 691, 694 (11th Cir.1984), rev’d on other grounds, 474 U.S. *298 806, 106 S.Ct. 40 , 88 L.Ed.2d 33 (1985); McCulloch v. Glasgow, 620 F.2d 47, 51 (5th Cir.1980); Guzman v. Western State …

See Rowlett v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 832 F.2d 194, 207 (1st Cir.1987) (verdict for $3,000,000 reduced to $300,000); Bell v. City of Milwaukee, 746 F.2d 1205, 1267, 1279 (7th Cir.1984) (verdict for $350,000 reduced to $50,000); 2 Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir.1976) (verdict for $25,000 reduced to $10,000).

As the Eighth Circuit has observed, “[i]n reviewing an award of punitive damage there is no basis from which an appellate court may measure damage.” Guzmán v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir.1976).

Cf. Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 953-54 (8th Cir.1976) (upholding jury's finding of liability when "defendants acted in reckless disregard of the plaintiffs' security and welfare in derogation of their basic constitutional rights * * * to be secure in their home"; upholding punitive damage award when defendants, inter alia, seized plaintiffs' mobile home "in the dead of a North Dakota winter" and seized needed automobile). 37 The record certainly indicates tha…

Cf Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 953-54 (8th Cir.1976) (upholding jury's finding of liability when "defendants acted in reckless disregard of the plaintiffs' security and welfare in derogation of their basic constitutional rights * * * to be secure in their home"; upholding punitive damage award when defendants, inter alia, seized plaintiffs' mobile home "in the dead of a North Dakota winter" and seized needed automobile).

This Court has stated that "[p]unitive damages may ... be awarded in civil rights actions where the defendant exhibits oppression, malice, gross negligence, willful or wanton misconduct, or a reckless disregard for the civil rights of the plaintiff." Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

This Court has stated that “[pjunitive damages may ... be awarded in civil rights actions where the defendant exhibits oppression, malice, gross negligence, willful or wanton misconduct, or a reckless disregard for the civil rights of the plaintiff.” Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

See Herrera v. Valentine, supra, 653 F.2d at 1227-31 ; Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

"The amount of the punitive award lies in the discretion of the jury and may only be disturbed when it appears, in the judgment of the reviewing court, to be unfair and shocking." Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir.1976).

“The amount of the punitive award lies in the discretion of the jury and may only be disturbed when it appears, in the judgment of the reviewing court, to be unfair and shocking.” Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir.1976).

This Court has held that “[pjunitive damages may ... be awarded in civil rights actions where the defendant exhibits oppression, malice, gross negligence, willful or wanton misconduct, or a reckless disregard for the civil rights of the plaintiff.” Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976) (award of punitive damages against seller and bank for ex parte attachment and seizure of plaintiffs’ mobile home and automobile).

They argue that there was no evidence of malice or ill will on the part of the defendants to justify instructing the jury on that issue. 20 This Court has held that "(p)unitive damages may ... be awarded in civil rights actions where the defendant exhibits oppression, malice, gross negligence, willful or wanton misconduct, or a reckless disregard for the civil rights of the plaintiff." Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976) (award of p…

City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, --- U.S. ----, ----, 101 S.Ct. 2748, 2759 , 69 L.Ed.2d 616 (1981); Guzman v. Western State Banks, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976).

City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, - U.S. -, -, 101 S.Ct. 2748, 2759 , 69 L.Ed.2d 616 (1981); Guzman v. Western State Banks, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976).

See Torres v. First State Bank of Sierra County, 550 F.2d 1255, 1257 (10th Cir. 1977); Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 951-952 (8th Cir. 1976). 2 .

See also Erskine v. Hohnbach, 81 U.S. (14 Wall.) 613, 616 , 20 L.Ed. 745 (1871); Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 951-52 (8th Cir. 1976).

As the majority points out, the cases addressing this issue, both in the federal system under the Seventh Amendment and in the states, under state constitutions, are split, some reaching the conclusion the majority reaches, e.g., Rowlett v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 832 F.2d 194, 207 (1st Cir.1987); Douglas v. Metro Rental Services, Inc., 827 F.2d 252, 257 (7th Cir.1987); Bell v. City of Milwaukee, 746 F.2d 1205, 1279 (7th Cir. 1984); Shimman v. Frank, 625 F.2d 80, 102-104 (6th …

See King v. Macri, 993 F.2d 294, 297-98 (2d Cir.1993) (allowing punitive damage awards to stand in § 1983 claims alleging excessive force, false arrest, and malicious prosecution, although jury did not award either compensatory or nominal damages) (citing for the same proposition, Glover v. Alabama Dep't of Corrections, 734 F.2d 691, 694 (11th Cir.1984), rev'd on other grounds, 474 U.S. 806 , 106 S.Ct. 40 , 88 L.Ed.2d 33 (1985); McCulloch v. Glasgow, 620 F.2d 47, 51 (5th Cir…

State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976); Silver v. Cormier, 529 F.2d 161 , 163–64 (10th Cir. 1976); McCulloch v. Glasgow, 620 F.2d 47, 51 (5th Cir. 1980); Glover v. Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 734 F.2d 691, 694 (11th Cir. 1984), rev’d on other grounds, 474 U.S. 806 (1985); Erwin v. Manitowoc County, 872 F.2d 1292 , 1299 (7th Cir. 1989); King v. Macri, 993 F.2d 294 , 297–98 (2d Cir. 1993); De Jesus Nazario v. Morris Rodriguez, 554 F.3d 196 , 204–05 (1st Cir. 200…

Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 952 (8th Cir.1976). 55 .

See, e.g., Miller v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269 (11th Cir.2002) (“ ‘[F]or the issue of punitive damages to reach the jury in a section 1981 case, the plaintiff must come forward with substantial evidence that the employer acted with actual malice or reckless indifference to his federally protected rights.’ ”) (citing Kolstad v. American Dental Ass’n, 527 U.S. 526, 536-37 , 119 S.Ct. 2118 , 144 L.Ed.2d 494 (1999)) (page references not yet available); Gorman, 257 …

Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976). 6.

The Eighth Circuit has held that “ ‘[pjunitive damages may ... be awarded in civil rights actions where the defendant exhibits oppression, malice, gross negligence, willful or wanton misconduct, or a reckless disregard for the civil rights of the plaintiff.’” Pellowski v. Burke, 686 F.2d 631, 634-35 (8th Cir.1982), quoting Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

Punitive damages may only be awarded in a § 1983 action where defendants acted with “oppression, malice, gross negligence, willful or wanton misconduct, or a reckless disregard for the civil rights of the plaintiff.” Pellowski v. Burke, 686 F.2d 631, 634-635 (8th Cir.1982) (quoting Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976)).

Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

See Morrison v. Jones, 607 F.2d 1269, 1273-74 (9th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 962 , 100 S.Ct. 1648 , 64 L.Ed.2d 237 (1980) (members of Board of Supervisors, director of *546 Department of Social Services, and director of child psychiatry at county hospital); Wolfel v. Sanborn, 555 F.2d 583, 591 (6th Cir. 1977) (parole officers); Bryan v. Jones, 530 F.2d 1210, 1213-15 (5th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 865 , 97 S.Ct. 174 , 50 L.Ed.2d 145 (1976) (jailers); Gu…

Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976).

See generally Cochetti v. Desmond, 572 F.2d 102, 105-107 (3d Cir. 1978); Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 953-54 (8th Cir. 1976).

See also the discussions in Dellums v. Powell, 566 F.2d 231 (D.C.Cir.1977); Wolfel v. Sanborn, 555 F.2d 583 , 590 et seq. (6th Cir. 1977); Kermit Construction Corp. v. Banco Credito Y Ahorro Ponceno, 547 F.2d 1, 2-3 (1st Cir. 1976); Davis v. Passman, 544 F.2d 865 , no, 528 F.2d 856 , 858 n. 5 (1st Cir. 1976). 881-82, pet. for reh. en banc granted, 553 F.2d 506 (5th Cir. 1977); Kellerman v. Askew, 541 F.2d 1089, 1091 (5th Cir. 1976); Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lak…

Compare Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976) (district court to enter judgment on the remitted punitive damages) with Morrill v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 747 F.2d 1217, 1225 (8th Cir.1984) (option of new trial or acceptance of remittitur).

Compare Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976) (district court to enter judgment on the remitted punitive damages) with Morrill v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 747 F.2d 1217, 1225 (8th Cir. 1984) (option of new trial or acceptance of remittitur). -17- this opinion.

See Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir. 1976) (remission of punitive damages); Texas Co. v. R.

See Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 954 (8th Cir. 1976).

See Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976); Seaton v. Sky Realty Co., 491 F.2d 634, 637-38 (7th Cir. 1974).

"In cases where the debtor has yet to receive his hearing, the seizure should be voided and the property returned. . . ." Odom v. Raypress Corp., 601 So.2d 856 , n. 6 (Miss. 1992); see generally, Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948 (8th Cir. 1976); 7 Debtor-Creditor Law §§ 27.01[B] [D] (T.

Id. at 1391 ; see generally Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948 (8th Cir.1976).

See generally Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

See generally Guzman v. Western State Bank of Devils Lake, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir.1976).

Accord, Guzman v. Western State Bank, 540 F.2d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1976), and cases cited.