license suspension hearing (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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license suspension hearing in Connecticut

38 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1987–2026 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Volck v. Muziogreen
conn · 1987 · cited in 27 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1990–2019
2 sentences

2019See, e.g., Fishbein v. Kozlowski , supra, 252 Conn. at 46 , 743 A.2d 1110 ("[w]e ... have held repeatedly that the plain language of [what is now § 14-227b (g) ] expressly and narrowly limits the scope of the license suspension hearing to the four issues enumerated in the statute"); Volck v. Muzio , supra, 204 Conn. at 520 , 529 A.2d 177 ("With respect to a license suspension hearing ... whether an operator was warned of the consequences of refusing to submit to chemical tests is not made one of the issues to be adjudicated pursuant to [what is now § 14-227b(g) ].

2019See, e.g., Fishbein v. Kozlowski , supra, 252 Conn. at 46 , 743 A.2d 1110 ("[w]e ... have held repeatedly that the plain language of [what is now § 14-227b (g) ] expressly and narrowly limits the scope of the license suspension hearing to the four issues enumerated in the statute"); Volck v. Muzio , supra, 204 Conn. at 520 , 529 A.2d 177 ("With respect to a license suspension hearing ... whether an operator was warned of the consequences of refusing to submit to chemical tests is not made one of the issues to be adjudicated pursuant to [what is now § 14-227b(g) ].

627
Bialowas v. Commissioner of Motor Vehiclesgreen
connappct · 1997 · cited in 4 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–2024
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., Bialowas v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 44 Conn. App. 702 , 710 and n.6, 711–12 n.8, 692 A.2d 834 (1997) (upholding admission of report that was mailed to department four days after plaintiff’s arrest); see also, e.g., Packard v. Dept. of Motor Vehicles, Superior Court, judicial district of New London, Docket No. KNL-CV-XX-XXXXXXX-S (September 18, 1991) ( 5 Conn. L.

2024See, e.g., Bialowas v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 44 Conn. App. 702 , 710 and n.6, 711–12 n.8, 692 A.2d 834 (1997) (upholding admission of report that was mailed to department four days after plaintiff’s arrest); see also, e.g., Packard v. Dept. of Motor Vehicles, Superior Court, judicial district of New London, Docket No. KNL-CV-XX-XXXXXXX-S (September 18, 1991) ( 5 Conn. L.

24
Fishbein v. Kozlowskigreen
conn · 1999 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2009–2019
2 sentences

2019We have rejected such claims because, as we explained in Fishbein v. Kozlowski , 252 Conn. 38 , 743 A.2d 1110 (1999), "the restriction of a license suspension hearing to the four issues specified in [what is now § 14-227b(g) ] is indicative of the legislative view that the failure to comply precisely with the ... requirements of [ § 14-227b(b) ] should not prevent suspension of the license of a person, arrested with probable cause for believing he was operating under the influence or with impaired ability as a result of intoxicating liquor, who has refused to submit to [or has failed] the pres

2019We have rejected such claims because, as we explained in Fishbein v. Kozlowski , 252 Conn. 38 , 743 A.2d 1110 (1999), "the restriction of a license suspension hearing to the four issues specified in [what is now § 14-227b(g) ] is indicative of the legislative view that the failure to comply precisely with the ... requirements of [ § 14-227b(b) ] should not prevent suspension of the license of a person, arrested with probable cause for believing he was operating under the influence or with impaired ability as a result of intoxicating liquor, who has refused to submit to [or has failed] the pres

23
Winsor v. Commissioner of Motor Vehiclesgreen
connappct · 2007 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016The report shall set forth the grounds for the officer's belief that there was probable cause to arrest such person for a violation of subsection (a) of [§ ] 14-227a and shall state that such person ... submitted to such [sobriety] test or analysis, commenced within two hours of the time of operation, and the results of such test or analysis indicated that such person had an elevated blood alcohol content...." In Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507 , 518, 529 A.2d 177 (1987), our Supreme Court held that the "evident purpose [of § 14-227b (c) ] is to provide sufficient indicia of reliability so that

2016The report shall set forth the grounds for the officer's belief that there was probable cause to arrest such person for a violation of subsection (a) of [§ ] 14-227a and shall state that such person ... submitted to such [sobriety] test or analysis, commenced within two hours of the time of operation, and the results of such test or analysis indicated that such person had an elevated blood alcohol content...." In Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507 , 518, 529 A.2d 177 (1987), our Supreme Court held that the "evident purpose [of § 14-227b (c) ] is to provide sufficient indicia of reliability so that

22
Buckley v. Muziogreen
conn · 1986 · cited in 9 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–2019
2 sentences

2012Buckley v. Muzio, 200 Conn. 1, 7 , 509 A.2d 489 (1986); see Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 512 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987) (“we continue to adhere to our declaration that a license suspension hearing must be limited to the four issues set forth in [General Statutes (Rev. to 1987)] § 14-227b [d]”).

2012Buckley v. Muzio, 200 Conn. 1, 7 , 509 A.2d 489 (1986); see Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 512 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987) (“we continue to adhere to our declaration that a license suspension hearing must be limited to the four issues set forth in [General Statutes (Rev. to 1987)] § 14-227b [d]”).

19
Weber v. Muziogreen
conn · 1987 · cited in 4 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1990–1992
2 sentences

1992Id.; Weber v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 521 , 523 , 528 A.2d 828 (1987).

1992Id.; Weber v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 521 , 523 , 528 A.2d 828 (1987).

14
Schallenkamp v. DelPontegreen
conn · 1994 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–2026
2 sentences

2026See Schallenkamp v. Del- Ponte, 229 Conn. 31, 41 , 639 A.2d 1018 (1994) (“it is the administrative hearing officer’s function to determine issues of fact” at hearing held pursuant to § 14-227b).

2026See Schallenkamp v. Del- Ponte, 229 Conn. 31, 41 , 639 A.2d 1018 (1994) (“it is the administrative hearing officer’s function to determine issues of fact” at hearing held pursuant to § 14-227b).

12
Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehiclesgreen
connappct · 2016 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Id., at 624 , 138 A.3d 359 .

2019See Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles , supra, at 636, 646, 138 A.3d 359 ( Bear , J. , dissenting).

11
Harrington v. DelPontegreen
conn · 1994 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See Harrington v. DelPonte, 229 Conn. 51, 59 , 639 A.2d 1028 (1994) (statute limits issues properly raised on appeal from license suspension, and officer’s failure to comply with regulation requiring certification to operate breath test would not be basis for overturning license suspension if other elements demonstrated); Schallenkamp v. DelPonte, 229 Conn. 31, 40 , 639 A.2d 1018 (1994) (same); Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 512 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987) (because hearing limited to four enumerated issues, multiple failures by arresting officer to comply with statutory dictates of § 14-227b not suf

1999See Harrington v. DelPonte, 229 Conn. 51, 59 , 639 A.2d 1028 (1994) (statute limits issues properly raised on appeal from license suspension, and officer’s failure to comply with regulation requiring certification to operate breath test would not be basis for overturning license suspension if other elements demonstrated); Schallenkamp v. DelPonte, 229 Conn. 31, 40 , 639 A.2d 1018 (1994) (same); Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 512 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987) (because hearing limited to four enumerated issues, multiple failures by arresting officer to comply with statutory dictates of § 14-227b not suf

11
Grimes v. Conservation Commissiongreen
conn · 1997 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See Grimes v. Conservation Commission , 243 Conn. 266 , 273-74 (1997) The plaintiff also was disciplined with respect to his treatment of Ms. Morrison in May of 1993 and the billing for such treatment.

11
Grillo v. Zoning Board of Appealsgreen
connappct · 1985 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
1 sentence

1992See, Grillo v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 4 Conn. App. 205 , 207 (1985) CT Page 2282 (record silent as to whether commissioner who, absent from public meeting, acquainted himself with record).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (20)

CaseCitedYears
Piorek v. DelPonte green
connappct · 1992
2 sentences

1999Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 511-12 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987); Buckley v. Muzio, supra, 200 Conn. 6 -8; Piorek v. DelPonte, 28 Conn. App. 911 , 610 A.2d 201 (1992).

1999Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 511-12 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987); Buckley v. Muzio, supra, 200 Conn. 6 -8; Piorek v. DelPonte, 28 Conn. App. 911 , 610 A.2d 201 (1992).

21998–1999
Pizzo v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles green
connappct · 2001
2 sentences

2026Wolf v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 70 Conn. App. 76, 85 , 797 A.2d 567 (2002); accord Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, supra, 330 Conn. 668 (court in administrative appeal cannot substitute its own judgment for that of hearing officer on questions of fact); Pizzo v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 62 Conn. App. 571, 578 , 771 A.2d 273 (2001) (“the determination of factual issues [is a matter] within the province of the administrative agency” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

2026Wolf v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 70 Conn. App. 76, 85 , 797 A.2d 567 (2002); accord Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, supra, 330 Conn. 668 (court in administrative appeal cannot substitute its own judgment for that of hearing officer on questions of fact); Pizzo v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 62 Conn. App. 571, 578 , 771 A.2d 273 (2001) (“the determination of factual issues [is a matter] within the province of the administrative agency” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

12026–2026
Wolf v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles green
connappct · 2002
2 sentences

2026Wolf v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 70 Conn. App. 76, 85 , 797 A.2d 567 (2002); accord Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, supra, 330 Conn. 668 (court in administrative appeal cannot substitute its own judgment for that of hearing officer on questions of fact); Pizzo v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 62 Conn. App. 571, 578 , 771 A.2d 273 (2001) (“the determination of factual issues [is a matter] within the province of the administrative agency” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

2026Wolf v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 70 Conn. App. 76, 85 , 797 A.2d 567 (2002); accord Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, supra, 330 Conn. 668 (court in administrative appeal cannot substitute its own judgment for that of hearing officer on questions of fact); Pizzo v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, 62 Conn. App. 571, 578 , 771 A.2d 273 (2001) (“the determination of factual issues [is a matter] within the province of the administrative agency” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

12026–2026
Do v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles green
conn · 2019
2 sentences

2022There are several procedural protec- tions that are expressly included in the criminal coun- terpart, § 14-227a (b),6 that are not included in the civil statute, however, ‘‘a license suspension hearing is not a criminal proceeding and . . . the subject of such a hearing is not entitled to all of the procedural protec- tions that would be available in a criminal proceeding. . . . [T]he legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state’s roadways with all dispatch

2022There are several procedural protec- tions that are expressly included in the criminal coun- terpart, § 14-227a (b),6 that are not included in the civil statute, however, ‘‘a license suspension hearing is not a criminal proceeding and . . . the subject of such a hearing is not entitled to all of the procedural protec- tions that would be available in a criminal proceeding. . . . [T]he legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state’s roadways with all dispatch

12022–2022
State v. Hickam green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

2019"In State v. Hickam , 235 Conn. 614 , 624, 668 A.2d 1321 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1221 , 116 S.Ct. 1851 , 134 L.Ed.2d 951 (1996), we [explained] that ... the legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state's roadways with all dispatch compatible with due process.

2019"In State v. Hickam , 235 Conn. 614 , 624, 668 A.2d 1321 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1221 , 116 S.Ct. 1851 , 134 L.Ed.2d 951 (1996), we [explained] that ... the legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state's roadways with all dispatch compatible with due process.

12019–2019
Dalmaso v. Department of Motor Vehicles neutral
conn · 1998
2 sentences

2019While the legislature has attached certain consequences to departures from the procedures specified in § 14-227b(b) and has provided a substantial incentive for the police to comply with those procedures in the context of criminal proceedings ... the legislature has manifested its intention that noncompliance with subsection (b), not involving one of the four issues to be determined pursuant to subsection [what is now § 14-227b(g) ], does not preclude the suspension of the license of a driver when the four enumerated elements have been demonstrated." (Citations omitted; internal quotation mark

2019While the legislature has attached certain consequences to departures from the procedures specified in § 14-227b(b) and has provided a substantial incentive for the police to comply with those procedures in the context of criminal proceedings ... the legislature has manifested its intention that noncompliance with subsection (b), not involving one of the four issues to be determined pursuant to subsection [what is now § 14-227b(g) ], does not preclude the suspension of the license of a driver when the four enumerated elements have been demonstrated." (Citations omitted; internal quotation mark

12019–2019
Dalmaso v. Department of Motor Vehicles neutral
connappct · 1998
2 sentences

2019While the legislature has attached certain consequences to departures from the procedures specified in § 14-227b(b) and has provided a substantial incentive for the police to comply with those procedures in the context of criminal proceedings ... the legislature has manifested its intention that noncompliance with subsection (b), not involving one of the four issues to be determined pursuant to subsection [what is now § 14-227b(g) ], does not preclude the suspension of the license of a driver when the four enumerated elements have been demonstrated." (Citations omitted; internal quotation mark

2019While the legislature has attached certain consequences to departures from the procedures specified in § 14-227b(b) and has provided a substantial incentive for the police to comply with those procedures in the context of criminal proceedings ... the legislature has manifested its intention that noncompliance with subsection (b), not involving one of the four issues to be determined pursuant to subsection [what is now § 14-227b(g) ], does not preclude the suspension of the license of a driver when the four enumerated elements have been demonstrated." (Citations omitted; internal quotation mark

12019–2019
Fitzgerald v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles neutral
connappct · 2013
2 sentences

2019While the legislature has attached certain consequences to departures from the procedures specified in § 14-227b(b) and has provided a substantial incentive for the police to comply with those procedures in the context of criminal proceedings ... the legislature has manifested its intention that noncompliance with subsection (b), not involving one of the four issues to be determined pursuant to subsection [what is now § 14-227b(g) ], does not preclude the suspension of the license of a driver when the four enumerated elements have been demonstrated." (Citations omitted; internal quotation mark

2019While the legislature has attached certain consequences to departures from the procedures specified in § 14-227b(b) and has provided a substantial incentive for the police to comply with those procedures in the context of criminal proceedings ... the legislature has manifested its intention that noncompliance with subsection (b), not involving one of the four issues to be determined pursuant to subsection [what is now § 14-227b(g) ], does not preclude the suspension of the license of a driver when the four enumerated elements have been demonstrated." (Citations omitted; internal quotation mark

12019–2019
American Premier Underwriters, Inc. v. USX Corp. green
scotus · 1996
1 sentence

2019"In State v. Hickam , 235 Conn. 614 , 624, 668 A.2d 1321 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1221 , 116 S.Ct. 1851 , 134 L.Ed.2d 951 (1996), we [explained] that ... the legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state's roadways with all dispatch compatible with due process.

12019–2019
Glavey v. Dime Savings Bank green
scotus · 1996
1 sentence

2019"In State v. Hickam , 235 Conn. 614 , 624, 668 A.2d 1321 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1221 , 116 S.Ct. 1851 , 134 L.Ed.2d 951 (1996), we [explained] that ... the legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state's roadways with all dispatch compatible with due process.

12019–2019
Veneman v. Pacific Merchant Shipping Ass'n green
scotus · 1996
1 sentence

2019"In State v. Hickam , 235 Conn. 614 , 624, 668 A.2d 1321 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1221 , 116 S.Ct. 1851 , 134 L.Ed.2d 951 (1996), we [explained] that ... the legislative history of § 14-227b reveals that a principal purpose [of] the enactment of the statute was to protect the public by removing potentially dangerous drivers from the state's roadways with all dispatch compatible with due process.

12019–2019
Santiago v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles neutral
connappct · 2012
2 sentences

2013See Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 512 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987) (because hearing limited to four enumerated issues, multiple failures by arresting officer to comply with statutory dictates of § 14-227b not sufficient grounds for overturning commissioner’s determination that operator’s license should be suspended); Buckley v. Muzio, 200 Conn. 1, 7 , 509 A.2d 489 (1986) (hearing limited to four enumerated issues and commissioner not required to determine whether subject of hearing understood consequences of refusal to submit to chemical testing before suspending license); Santiago v. Commissioner o

2013See Volck v. Muzio, 204 Conn. 507, 512 , 529 A.2d 177 (1987) (because hearing limited to four enumerated issues, multiple failures by arresting officer to comply with statutory dictates of § 14-227b not sufficient grounds for overturning commissioner’s determination that operator’s license should be suspended); Buckley v. Muzio, 200 Conn. 1, 7 , 509 A.2d 489 (1986) (hearing limited to four enumerated issues and commissioner not required to determine whether subject of hearing understood consequences of refusal to submit to chemical testing before suspending license); Santiago v. Commissioner o

12013–2013
Kramer v. DelPonte green
connappct · 1991
2 sentences

1998In both Kramer v. DelPonte, 26 Conn. App. 101, 101-102 , 598 A.2d 670 (1991), and Piorek v. DelPonte, 28 Conn. App. 911, 911-12 , 610 A.2d 201 (1992), we disregarded indications in each case that the police had not permitted the arrested drivers to telephone attorneys before requesting them to be tested, as subsection (b) provides.

1998In both Kramer v. DelPonte, 26 Conn. App. 101, 101-102 , 598 A.2d 670 (1991), and Piorek v. DelPonte, 28 Conn. App. 911, 911-12 , 610 A.2d 201 (1992), we disregarded indications in each case that the police had not permitted the arrested drivers to telephone attorneys before requesting them to be tested, as subsection (b) provides.

11998–1998
Tarascio v. Muzio green
connsuperct · 1986
2 sentences

1995The plaintiff relies heavily on Tarascio v. Muzio , 40 Conn. Sup. 505 (1986) which held that the arresting officer's failure to inform the plaintiff that his refusal to submit to a chemical sobriety test could be used against him in a criminal case rendered the commissioner's decision to suspend the plaintiff's license "contrary to law", id. at page 511.

1995The plaintiff relies heavily on Tarascio v. Muzio , 40 Conn. Sup. 505 (1986) which held that the arresting officer's failure to inform the plaintiff that his refusal to submit to a chemical sobriety test could be used against him in a criminal case rendered the commissioner's decision to suspend the plaintiff's license "contrary to law", id. at page 511.

11995–1995
Coracci v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles neutral
connsuperct · 1993
1 sentence

1994Coracci v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles , 42 Conn. Sup. 599 (1993), citing Balch Pontiac-Buick, Inc. v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles , 165 Conn. 559 , 569 (1973).

11994–1994
Balch Pontiac-Buick, Inc. v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles green
conn · 1973
1 sentence

1994Coracci v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles , 42 Conn. Sup. 599 (1993), citing Balch Pontiac-Buick, Inc. v. Commissioner of Motor Vehicles , 165 Conn. 559 , 569 (1973).

11994–1994
Holland v. Parker green
sdd · 1973
1 sentence

1991The Connecticut Supreme Court did not sustain Volck’s claims and stated in a footnote that Holland v. Parker, supra, did not involve a provision similar to § 14-227b (d) restricting the issues at the license suspension hearing to those prescribed.

11991–1991
Danahy v. Cuneo green
conn · 1943
2 sentences

1987When hearsay statements have come into a case without objection they may be relied upon by the trier, “in proof of the matters stated therein, for whatever they were worth on their face.” Sears v. Curtis, 147 Conn. 311, 317 , 160 A.2d 742 (1960); Danahy v. Cuneo, 130 Conn. 213, 217 , 33 A.2d 132 (1943).

1987When hearsay statements have come into a case without objection they may be relied upon by the trier, “in proof of the matters stated therein, for whatever they were worth on their face.” Sears v. Curtis, 147 Conn. 311, 317 , 160 A.2d 742 (1960); Danahy v. Cuneo, 130 Conn. 213, 217 , 33 A.2d 132 (1943).

11987–1987
State v. Towry neutral
connsuperct · 1965
2 sentences

1987The plaintiff also relies upon State v. Towry, 26 Conn. Sup. 35, 41 , 210 A.2d 455 (1965), a decision questioning the constitutionality of allowing a police officer to request a blood sample from a driver before having arrested him.

1987The plaintiff also relies upon State v. Towry, 26 Conn. Sup. 35, 41 , 210 A.2d 455 (1965), a decision questioning the constitutionality of allowing a police officer to request a blood sample from a driver before having arrested him.

11987–1987
Sears v. Curtis green
conn · 1960
11987–1987

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 14-227a (17) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 14-227b (17) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 4-183 (12) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 4-166 (7) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 14-218a (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-157b (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CT 38 (1987–2026) TX 19 (1987–2016) PA 9 (1973–2020) CA 7 (1991–2022) ID 7 (1991–2021) WA 6 (2002–2026) ME 6 (1992–2021) FL 5 (1997–2011) AZ 5 (1989–2003) VT 5 (1995–2006) KS 4 (1996–2008) ND 4 (1985–1998) NY 4 (1996–2016) MD 4 (1999–2017) SC 3 (2011–2013) OR 3 (1981–2008) GA 3 (1997–2014) AK 2 (2005–2011) VA 2 (1996–1997) NH 2 (2003–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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