object of the whole clause in California

2025(See Yassin v. Solis (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 524, 536 .) 50 Although the trial court does not reference it, the trial court appears to be applying the doctrine of noscitur a sociis (it is known by its associates), which is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1391, fn. 14 .) However, that principle is “applicable to terms that are ‘associated’ by grouping or serial enumeration in the same phrase or clause, not to

2019This more limited reading of "structures" in paragraph 11 is supported by the rule of construction known by its Latin name noscitur a sociis : "Under the rule of noscitur a sociis , ' "the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used." ' " ( Dyna-Med , Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379 , 1391, fn. 14, 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 .) In accordance with this principle, "a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in th

2018We reach this conclusion primarily based on the principle of statutory construction noscitur a soclis , i.e., where a word is used in a list, its meaning can be demonstrated by the other items in the list. ( See People v. Drennan (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1349 , 1355, 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 584 ["The rule of statutory construction, noscitur a sociis , a word takes meaning from the company it keeps, is useful here. 'A word of uncertain meaning may be known from its associates and its meaning "enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used" ' "].) Aside from walkw

2018We reach this conclusion primarily based on the principle of statutory construction noscitur a soclis , i.e., where a word is used in a list, its meaning can be demonstrated by the other items in the list. ( See People v. Drennan (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1349 , 1355, 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 584 ["The rule of statutory construction, noscitur a sociis , a word takes meaning from the company it keeps, is useful here. 'A word of uncertain meaning may be known from its associates and its meaning "enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used" ' "].) Aside from walkw

2025(See Yassin v. Solis (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 524, 536 .) 50 Although the trial court does not reference it, the trial court appears to be applying the doctrine of noscitur a sociis (it is known by its associates), which is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1391, fn. 14 .) However, that principle is “applicable to terms that are ‘associated’ by grouping or serial enumeration in the same phrase or clause, not to

2025(See Yassin v. Solis (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 524, 536 .) 50 Although the trial court does not reference it, the trial court appears to be applying the doctrine of noscitur a sociis (it is known by its associates), which is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1391, fn. 14 .) However, that principle is “applicable to terms that are ‘associated’ by grouping or serial enumeration in the same phrase or clause, not to

2009To do so conforms with the canon of construction that “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” (Vilardo v. County of Sacramento (1942) 54 Cal.App.2d 413, 420 [ 129 P.2d 165 ].) 6 If the section 697.740, subdivision (j) exception is interpreted in this fashion, this exception, like the other 10 exceptions, refers to a single, integrated transaction.

2009To do so conforms with the canon of construction that “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” (Vilardo v. County of Sacramento (1942) 54 Cal.App.2d 413, 420 [ 129 P.2d 165 ].) 6 If the section 697.740, subdivision (j) exception is interpreted in this fashion, this exception, like the other 10 exceptions, refers to a single, integrated transaction.

2025The first, “ ‘[n]oscitur a sociis (“it is known by its associates”) is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” [Citations.]’ 11 [Citation.] In other words, ‘a word takes meaning from the company it keeps.’ [Citation.] ‘ “In accordance with this principle of construction, a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in the list unnecessary or redundant, or would otherwise make the item markedly dissimilar to th

2025The first, “ ‘[n]oscitur a sociis (“it is known by its associates”) is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” [Citations.]’ 8 [Citation.] In other words, ‘a word takes meaning from the company it keeps.’ [Citation.] ‘ “In accordance with this principle of construction, a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in the list unnecessary or redundant, or would otherwise make the item markedly dissimilar to the

2003Third, the rule of statutory construction, noscitur a sociis—that “a word takes meaning from the company it keeps”—supports a definition of “approval” that affords the same level of formality and gravity as “recommendation.” (Pe ople v. Drennan (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1349, 1355 [ 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 584 ] (Drennan).) Under that canon of construction, “ ‘[a] word of uncertain meaning may be known from its associates and its meaning “enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.; see also Lungren, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 3

2003Third, the rule of statutory construction, noscitur a sociis — that "a word takes meaning from the company it keeps" — supports a definition of "approval" that affords the same level of formality and gravity as "recommendation." ( People v. Drennan (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1349, 1355 , 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 584 ( Drennan ).) Under that canon of construction," `[a] word of uncertain meaning may be known from its associates and its meaning "enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used." [Citation.]' [Citation.]" ( Ibid.; see also Lungren, supra, 14 Cal.4th at

2025(People v. Hernandez (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 192, 200 .) Under this principle, “ ‘the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.’ ” (Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC v. Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1290, 1298 .) Here, in addition to “representative claims under [PAGA],” the arbitration agreement excludes “claims for workers compensation or unemployment compensation”; ERISA claims; and administrative complaints submitted to a governmental agency.

2025(People v. Hernandez (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 192, 200 .) Under this principle, “ ‘the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.’ ” (Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Capital, LLC v. Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1290, 1298 .) Here, in addition to “representative claims under [PAGA],” the arbitration agreement excludes “claims for workers compensation or unemployment compensation”; ERISA claims; and administrative complaints submitted to a governmental agency.

2019This more limited reading of "structures" in paragraph 11 is supported by the rule of construction known by its Latin name noscitur a sociis : "Under the rule of noscitur a sociis , ' "the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used." ' " ( Dyna-Med , Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379 , 1391, fn. 14, 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 .) In accordance with this principle, "a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in th

2019This more limited reading of "structures" in paragraph 11 is supported by the rule of construction known by its Latin name noscitur a sociis : "Under the rule of noscitur a sociis , ' "the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used." ' " ( Dyna-Med , Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379 , 1391, fn. 14, 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 .) In accordance with this principle, "a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in th

1992We need not address this dispute because we determine the challenged ruling is valid under accepted principles of statutory construction. 3 Noscitur a sociis (“it is known by its associates”) is the principle that “ * “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1391, fn. 14 [ 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 ]; People v. Stout (1971) 18 Cal.App.3d 172, 177 [ 95 Cal.Rptr. 593 ].) The related principle of ejusdem generis suggests that where a

1992We need not address this dispute because we determine the challenged ruling is valid under accepted principles of statutory construction. 3 Noscitur a sociis (“it is known by its associates”) is the principle that “ * “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1391, fn. 14 [ 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 ]; People v. Stout (1971) 18 Cal.App.3d 172, 177 [ 95 Cal.Rptr. 593 ].) The related principle of ejusdem generis suggests that where a

2025The first, “ ‘[n]oscitur a sociis (“it is known by its associates”) is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” [Citations.]’ 11 [Citation.] In other words, ‘a word takes meaning from the company it keeps.’ [Citation.] ‘ “In accordance with this principle of construction, a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in the list unnecessary or redundant, or would otherwise make the item markedly dissimilar to th

2025The first, “ ‘[n]oscitur a sociis (“it is known by its associates”) is the principle that “ ‘ “the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ ” [Citations.]’ 8 [Citation.] In other words, ‘a word takes meaning from the company it keeps.’ [Citation.] ‘ “In accordance with this principle of construction, a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in the list unnecessary or redundant, or would otherwise make the item markedly dissimilar to the

2023Under the rule of noscitur a sociis, “[a] word of uncertain meaning may be known from its associates and its meaning ‘enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used. ’ ” (Oden v. Board of Administration (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 194, 203 .) “ ‘In accordance with this principle of construction, a court will adopt a restrictive meaning of a listed item if acceptance of a more expansive meaning would make other items in the list unnecessary or redundant, or would otherwise make the item markedly dissimilar to the other items in the list.’ ” (People ex rel.

2000“A word of uncertain meaning may be known from its associates and its meaning ‘enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.’ [Citation.]” (Oden v. Board of Administration (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 194, 203 [ 28 Cal.Rptr.2d 388 ].) Section 632, subdivision (a) prohibits the use of “amplifying” devices by which to “eavesdrop” on a communication that otherwise could *1356 not be overheard.

2022Co. v. Superior Court (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 727, 740 [same].) 16 Thus, pursuant to the doctrine of noscitur a sociis, the disputed term cannot be so narrowly construed so as to “ ‘ “make the item markedly dissimilar to the other items in the list, ” ’ ” but it also cannot be so broadly construed so as to “ ‘ “make other items in the list unnecessary or redundant.” ’ ” (Busker v. Wabtec Corp. (2021) 11 Cal.5th 1147 , 1160 & fn. 11 [construing a term so that it is not “markedly different” from other listed terms].) Here, NetEase’s narrow construction of the third listed term in the series would

1994Dicta in a recent opinion by the Second District, Division Three, in County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (1993) 18 Cal. App.4th 588, 600-601 [ 22 Cal. Rptr.2d 409 ], suggest that in section 6257, the Legislature "has provided only for recovery of duplication costs by the ... agency involved.

1994Dicta in a recent opinion by the Second District, Division Three, in County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (1993) 18 Cal. App.4th 588, 600-601 [ 22 Cal. Rptr.2d 409 ], suggest that in section 6257, the Legislature "has provided only for recovery of duplication costs by the ... agency involved.

1994(Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1387 [ 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 ].) “Where uncertainty exists consideration should be given to the consequences that will flow from a particular interpretation. [Citation.] Both the legislative history of the statute and the wider historical circumstances of its enactment may be considered in ascertaining the legislative intent. [Citations.]” (Ibid.) Further, “ ‘ . . the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 1

1994(Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1387 [ 241 Cal.Rptr. 67 , 743 P.2d 1323 ].) “Where uncertainty exists consideration should be given to the consequences that will flow from a particular interpretation. [Citation.] Both the legislative history of the statute and the wider historical circumstances of its enactment may be considered in ascertaining the legislative intent. [Citations.]” (Ibid.) Further, “ ‘ . . the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used.” ’ [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 1

1987Council of Carpenters (1979) 25 Cal.3d 317, 331, fn. 10 [ 158 Cal. Rptr. 370 , 599 P.2d 676 ], quoting Scally v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (1972) 23 Cal. App.3d 806, 819 [ 100 Cal. Rptr. 501 ].) [13] Expressio unius est exclusio alterius means that "the expression of certain things in a statute necessarily involves exclusion of other things not expressed...." ( Henderson v. Mann Theatres Corp. (1976) 65 Cal. App.3d 397, 403 [ 135 Cal. Rptr. 266 ].) [14] Under the rule of noscitur a sociis, "`the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in

1987Council of Carpenters (1979) 25 Cal.3d 317, 331, fn. 10 [ 158 Cal. Rptr. 370 , 599 P.2d 676 ], quoting Scally v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (1972) 23 Cal. App.3d 806, 819 [ 100 Cal. Rptr. 501 ].) [13] Expressio unius est exclusio alterius means that "the expression of certain things in a statute necessarily involves exclusion of other things not expressed...." ( Henderson v. Mann Theatres Corp. (1976) 65 Cal. App.3d 397, 403 [ 135 Cal. Rptr. 266 ].) [14] Under the rule of noscitur a sociis, "`the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in

1987"The power to command affirmative action is remedial, not punitive, and is to be exercised in aid of the Board's authority to restrain violations and as a means of removing or avoiding the consequences of violation where those consequences are of a kind to thwart the purposes of the Act." ( 305 U.S. 197, 235-236 [ 83 L.Ed. 126, 143 ]; Commodore Home Systems, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 32 Cal.3d 211, 224 (dis. opn.).) [10] The Attorney General notes the apparent reason for this change was to distinguish the "action" which the Commission could order from the narrow definition of "affirmative

1987"The power to command affirmative action is remedial, not punitive, and is to be exercised in aid of the Board's authority to restrain violations and as a means of removing or avoiding the consequences of violation where those consequences are of a kind to thwart the purposes of the Act." ( 305 U.S. 197, 235-236 [ 83 L.Ed. 126, 143 ]; Commodore Home Systems, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 32 Cal.3d 211, 224 (dis. opn.).) [10] The Attorney General notes the apparent reason for this change was to distinguish the "action" which the Commission could order from the narrow definition of "affirmative

1987Council of Carpenters (1979) 25 Cal.3d 317, 331, fn. 10 [ 158 Cal. Rptr. 370 , 599 P.2d 676 ], quoting Scally v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (1972) 23 Cal. App.3d 806, 819 [ 100 Cal. Rptr. 501 ].) [13] Expressio unius est exclusio alterius means that "the expression of certain things in a statute necessarily involves exclusion of other things not expressed...." ( Henderson v. Mann Theatres Corp. (1976) 65 Cal. App.3d 397, 403 [ 135 Cal. Rptr. 266 ].) [14] Under the rule of noscitur a sociis, "`the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in

1987Council of Carpenters (1979) 25 Cal.3d 317, 331, fn. 10 [ 158 Cal. Rptr. 370 , 599 P.2d 676 ], quoting Scally v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (1972) 23 Cal. App.3d 806, 819 [ 100 Cal. Rptr. 501 ].) [13] Expressio unius est exclusio alterius means that "the expression of certain things in a statute necessarily involves exclusion of other things not expressed...." ( Henderson v. Mann Theatres Corp. (1976) 65 Cal. App.3d 397, 403 [ 135 Cal. Rptr. 266 ].) [14] Under the rule of noscitur a sociis, "`the meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in

1987“The power to command affirmative action is remedial, not punitive, and is to be exercised in aid of the Board’s authority to restrain violations and as a means of removing or avoiding the consequences of violation where those consequences are of a kind to thwart the purposes of the Act.” ( 305 U.S. 197, 235-236 [ 83 L.Ed. 126, 143 ]; Commodore Home Systems, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 32 Cal.3d 211, 224 (dis. opn.).) The Attorney General notes the apparent reason for this change was to distinguish the “action” which the Commission could order from the narrow definition of “affirmative acti

1987"The power to command affirmative action is remedial, not punitive, and is to be exercised in aid of the Board's authority to restrain violations and as a means of removing or avoiding the consequences of violation where those consequences are of a kind to thwart the purposes of the Act." ( 305 U.S. 197, 235-236 [ 83 L.Ed. 126, 143 ]; Commodore Home Systems, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 32 Cal.3d 211, 224 (dis. opn.).) [10] The Attorney General notes the apparent reason for this change was to distinguish the "action" which the Commission could order from the narrow definition of "affirmative