properly considered factors (New York) · Go Syfert
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properly considered factors in New York

31 New York opinions name it 1 courts 1990–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (31)

CaseFollowedCited
MATTER OF TROPEA v. Tropeagreen
ny · 1996 · cited in 11 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2015
2 sentences

2015Upon our review of the evidence at the fact-finding hearing, we conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the child’s best interests, and that its determination has “a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1627 [2010]).

2015Upon our review of the evidence at the fact-finding hearing, we conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the child’s best interests, and that its determination has “a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1627 [2010]).

811
Murphy v. Peacegreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 7 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2015
2 sentences

2015Upon our review of the evidence at the fact-finding hearing, we conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the child’s best interests, and that its determination has “a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1627 [2010]).

2015Upon our review of the evidence at the fact-finding hearing, we conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the child’s best interests, and that its determination has “a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1627 [2010]).

57
Schmitt v. Schmittgreen
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

44
Perry v. Perrygreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

34
Battaglia v. Hopkinsgreen
nyappdiv · 2001 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012“The determination of the trial court, which heard and observed the witnesses, is entitled to great deference and should not be disturbed where, as here, it had a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Salerno v Salerno, 273 AD2d 818, 818 [2000]; see Matter of Battaglia v Hopkins, 280 AD2d 953, 954 [2001]).

2012“The determination of the trial court, which heard and observed the witnesses, is entitled to great deference and should not be disturbed where, as here, it had a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Salerno v Salerno, 273 AD2d 818, 818 [2000]; see Matter of Battaglia v Hopkins, 280 AD2d 953, 954 [2001]).

33
SCULLY, CAROL H. v. SCULLY, DANIEL J.green
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

23
In re Demario J.green
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012We conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the children’s best interests (see Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1626-1627 [2010]; Matter of Seyler v Hasfurter, 61 AD3d 1437, 1437 [2009]; Matter of Jones v Tarnawa, 26 AD3d 870, 871 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 714 [2006]).

2012We conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the children’s best interests (see Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1626-1627 [2010]; Matter of Seyler v Hasfurter, 61 AD3d 1437, 1437 [2009]; Matter of Jones v Tarnawa, 26 AD3d 870, 871 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 714 [2006]).

23
Jones v. Tarnawagreen
nyappdiv · 2006 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012We conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the children’s best interests (see Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1626-1627 [2010]; Matter of Seyler v Hasfurter, 61 AD3d 1437, 1437 [2009]; Matter of Jones v Tarnawa, 26 AD3d 870, 871 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 714 [2006]).

2012We conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the children’s best interests (see Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1626-1627 [2010]; Matter of Seyler v Hasfurter, 61 AD3d 1437, 1437 [2009]; Matter of Jones v Tarnawa, 26 AD3d 870, 871 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 714 [2006]).

23
Salerno v. Salernogreen
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012“The determination of the trial court, which heard and observed the witnesses, is entitled to great deference and should not be disturbed where, as here, it had a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Salerno v Salerno, 273 AD2d 818, 818 [2000]; see Matter of Battaglia v Hopkins, 280 AD2d 953, 954 [2001]).

2012“The determination of the trial court, which heard and observed the witnesses, is entitled to great deference and should not be disturbed where, as here, it had a sound and substantial basis in the record” (Salerno v Salerno, 273 AD2d 818, 818 [2000]; see Matter of Battaglia v Hopkins, 280 AD2d 953, 954 [2001]).

23
Hartog v. Hartoggreen
ny · 1995 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011The record establishes that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6), including the reasonable needs of both parties (see Griggs v Griggs, 44 AD3d 710, 712 ; see generally Hartog v Hartog, 85 NY2d 36, 52 ).

2011The record establishes that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6), including the reasonable needs of both parties (see Griggs v Griggs, 44 AD3d 710, 712 [2007]; see generally Hartog v Hartog, 85 NY2d 36, 52 [1995]).

22
O'Brien v. O'Briengreen
ny · 1985 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2008
2 sentences

2008The court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (5) (d), including the parties’ respective contributions to the family economic enterprise (see Price, 69 NY2d at 14-15 ; O’Brien v O’Brien, 66 NY2d 576, 587 [1985]).

2007The defendant, who supported the plaintiff during his last year and a half of law school, was entitled to a share of the enhanced earning capability represented by the plaintiffs law degree and license (see McSparron v McSparron, 87 NY2d 275, 286 [1995]; O’Brien v O’Brien, 66 NY2d 576, 588 [1985]; Vainchenker v Vainchenker, 242 AD2d 620, 621 [1997]).

22
MATTER OF CASSANO v. Cassanogreen
ny · 1995 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 1995–2008
2 sentences

2008Contrary to defendant’s contention, in determining the combined parental income beyond the $80,000 cap, the court properly considered the standard of living that the children would have enjoyed had the marriage not ended (see Domestic Relations Law § 240 [1-b] [c] [3]; [f] [3]; Matter of Cassano v Cassano, 85 NY2d 649, 653 [1995]).

2007However, since the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 240 (1-b) (f), in deciding to cap the combined parental income at $225,000, we decline to disturb the child support determination (see Matter of Cassano v Cassano, 85 NY2d 649 [1995]).

13
Cloutier v. Longogreen
nyappdiv · 2001 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2013
2 sentences

2013Contrary to plaintiffs further contention, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in directing that defendant was not obligated to begin paying his pro rata share of the children’s private high school tuition until January 1, 2012 (see generally Fruchter v Fruchter, 288 AD2d 942, 943 [2001]).

2007In determining that the relocation was in the best interests of the child, the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]), as well as the effect of the child’s relocation on extended family relationships and the fact that petitioner has been the primary caretaker of the child (see Fruchter v Fruchter, 288 AD2d 942 [2001]; Matter of Boyer v Boyer, 281 AD2d 953 [2001]).

12
Griggs v. Griggsgreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011The record establishes that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6), including the reasonable needs of both parties (see Griggs v Griggs, 44 AD3d 710, 712 ; see generally Hartog v Hartog, 85 NY2d 36, 52 ).

2011The record establishes that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6), including the reasonable needs of both parties (see Griggs v Griggs, 44 AD3d 710, 712 [2007]; see generally Hartog v Hartog, 85 NY2d 36, 52 [1995]).

12
Gillard v. Gillardgreen
nyappdiv · 1997 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2010
2 sentences

2010Furthermore, we conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727 [1996]) in determining that the children’s best interests would be served by granting the father’s petition (see generally Matter of Gillard v Gillard, 241 AD2d 966, 968 [1997]).

2002The court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea (supra at 740-741) and found that, although the relocation would benefit the child economically, her relationship with respondent would be adversely affected because a reasonable visitation schedule would not be feasible in view of the distance between the two locations, the financial circumstances of the parties and respondent’s work schedule (cf., Matter of Gillard v Gillard, 241 AD2d 966, 968-969 ).

12
Matter of Alexis A.T. v. Gary C.T.green
nyappdiv · 2022 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025The court properly considered these factors—and the overall stability they provided in the child's life in determining that it was in the child's best interests to modify the custody arrangement ( see Matter of Alexis A.T. v Gary C.T. , 204 AD3d 555, 555-556 [1st Dept 2022]).

2025The court properly considered these factors—and the overall stability they provided in the child's life in determining that it was in the child's best interests to modify the custody arrangement ( see Matter of Alexis A.T. v Gary C.T. , 204 AD3d 555, 555-556 [1st Dept 2022]).

11
Meccariello v. Meccariellogreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a), the award of maintenance was not improvident (see Marley v Marley, 106 AD3d 961 , 962 *665 [2013]; McCarthy v McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1481-1482 ; Meccariello v Meccariello, 46 AD3d 640, 641-642 [2007]).

11
Smith v. Wintergreen
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013We conclude that the court’s determination here to terminate maintenance on December 31, 2011 was not an abuse of discretion inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a) (see Smith v Winter, 64 AD3d 1218, 1220 [2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 709 [2009]).

11
Burns v. Burnsgreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013In deciding to limit the child support award to the first $130,000 in combined parental income, the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 240 (1-b) (f), including the fact that the divorce would not result in a change in the children’s standard of living (see Burns, 70 AD3d at 1502).

11
Turner v. Canalegreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013Plaintiffs contention that the court erred in calculating the parties’ pro rata shares was raised for the first time in her reply brief and thus that contention is not properly before us on appeal (see Turner v Canale, 15 AD3d 960, 960 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 702 [2005]).

11
Webb v. Aarongreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012Following a fact-finding hearing, Family Court denied both petitions and further ordered that, “should the [mother] relocate to Alabama the Court finds that it would be in the child’s best interest that the [father] should be the primary custodian of the child.” With respect to the relocation petition, we conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the child’s best interes

11
Buley v. Buleygreen
nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Carr v. Carrgreen
nyappdiv · 1991 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008In addition, the court properly determined that the tax returns of the parties bore “little resemblance to the real available income” and that defendant had “available to him substantially more [income] than [what was] reported” (see Matter of Buley v Buley, 142 AD2d 814, 815 [1988]; see also Carr v Carr, 171 AD2d 776, 777 [1991]).

11
Bast v. Rossoffgreen
ny · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
McSparron v. McSparrongreen
ny · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Vainchenker v. Vainchenkergreen
nyappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Ideman v. Idemangreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Niland v. Nilandgreen
nyappdiv · 2002 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Formato v. Formatogreen
nyappdiv · 1991 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
DeCabrera v. Cabrera-Rosetegreen
ny · 1987 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Commissioner of Social Services v. Philip De G.green
ny · 1983 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Mendenhall v. Mendenhallyellow
nyappdiv · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11

Also cited on this issue (20)

CaseCitedYears
McCarthy v. McCarthy green
nyappdiv · 2008
2 sentences

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

2015We conclude that the court’s determination to award maintenance for a period of five years was not an abuse of discretion “inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a)” (Scully v Scully, 104 AD3d 1137, 1138 [2013]; see Schmitt v Schmitt, 107 AD3d 1529, 1529 [2013]; McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1482 ; cf. Perry v Perry, 101 AD3d 1762, 1762-1763 [2012]).

42015–2015
Matter of Clark Patterson Engrs., Surveyor, & Architects, Pc green
ny · 2006
2 sentences

2012We conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the children’s best interests (see Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1626-1627 [2010]; Matter of Seyler v Hasfurter, 61 AD3d 1437, 1437 [2009]; Matter of Jones v Tarnawa, 26 AD3d 870, 871 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 714 [2006]).

2012We conclude that the court properly considered the factors set forth in Matter of Tropea v Tropea ( 87 NY2d 727, 740-741 [1996]) in determining that the mother failed to meet her burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation is in the children’s best interests (see Matter of Murphy v Peace, 72 AD3d 1626, 1626-1627 [2010]; Matter of Seyler v Hasfurter, 61 AD3d 1437, 1437 [2009]; Matter of Jones v Tarnawa, 26 AD3d 870, 871 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 714 [2006]).

32012–2012
People v. Gillotti green
ny · 2014
1 sentence

2020Moreover, in denying the application, the court properly considered factors already addressed by the Guidelines and risk assessment factors, such as the defendant's status as an untreated sex offender ( see People v Gillotti , 23 NY3d at 861 ).

12020–2020
Marley v. Marley green
nyappdiv · 2013
1 sentence

2015Inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a), the award of maintenance was not improvident (see Marley v Marley, 106 AD3d 961 , 962 *665 [2013]; McCarthy v McCarthy, 57 AD3d at 1481-1482 ; Meccariello v Meccariello, 46 AD3d 640, 641-642 [2007]).

12015–2015
People Ex Rel. Brown v. Artus green
ny · 2009
1 sentence

2013We conclude that the court’s determination here to terminate maintenance on December 31, 2011 was not an abuse of discretion inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a) (see Smith v Winter, 64 AD3d 1218, 1220 [2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 709 [2009]).

12013–2013
Secco Elec. Corp. v. Kalikow green
ny · 2005
1 sentence

2013Plaintiffs contention that the court erred in calculating the parties’ pro rata shares was raised for the first time in her reply brief and thus that contention is not properly before us on appeal (see Turner v Canale, 15 AD3d 960, 960 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 702 [2005]).

12013–2013
Gulisano v. Gulisano green
nyappdiv · 1995
1 sentence

2009In determining the amount and duration of maintenance, the court took into consideration the marital standard of living, the ability of defendant to be self-supporting, the length of the marriage and the significant distributive award made to defendant, as well as other factors (see generally Gulisano v Gulisano, 214 AD2d 999 [1995]).

12009–2009
Mayle v. Mayle green
nyappdiv · 2002
1 sentence

2009We conclude that the court’s award of maintenance was not an abuse of discretion inasmuch as the court properly considered the factors set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236 (B) (6) (a) (see Mayle v Mayle, 299 AD2d 869 [2002]).

12009–2009
Price v. Price green
ny · 1986
12008–2008
Herzog v. Herzog green
nyappdiv · 2005
12007–2007
Boyer v. Boyer green
nyappdiv · 2001
12007–2007
Gainey v. Gainey green
nyappdiv · 2003
12007–2007
Ciesinski v. Town of Aurora green
nyappdiv · 1994
12002–2002
People v. Teddy green
nyappdiv · 1996
11997–1997
Reiss v. Reiss green
nyappdiv · 1991
11995–1995
Fannie R. H. v. Charles E. neutral
nyappdiv · 1986
11992–1992
Malamut v. Malamut green
nyappdiv · 1987
11991–1991
Match v. Match neutral
nyappdiv · 1987
11991–1991
Reina v. Reina green
nyappdiv · 1989
11991–1991
In re the Estate of Potts green
nyappdiv · 1925
11990–1990

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Domestic Relations Law § 236 (13) NY § N.Y. Domestic Relations Law § 240 (11)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 31 (1990–2025) CA 6 (1984–2025) CT 5 (2004–2026) MI 4 (2019–2025) AZ 3 (2007–2020) NC 3 (1985–2019) PA 3 (2015–2022) IL 3 (1986–2026) AL 2 (1991–1994) UT 2 (2018–2020) OH 2 (2007–2011) VA 2 (1982–2009) ME 2 (1998–2015) WA 2 (2016–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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