required statutory factors (New York) · Go Syfert
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required statutory factors in New York

23 New York opinions name it 5 courts 1973–2019 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
MATTER OF SIAO-PAO v. Dennisongreen
ny · 2008 · cited in 13 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2019
2 sentences

2019Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the record reflects that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner's application ( see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison , 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Hamilton v New York State Div. of Parole , 119 AD3d 1268 , 1272-1273 [3d Dept 2014]) and inasmuch as the Board's determination does not exhibit "irrationality bordering on impropriety" ( Matter of Kenefick v Sticht , 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [4th Dept 2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016] [inte

2017Contrary to petitioner’s further contention, Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008]), and inasmuch as the Board’s determination does not exhibit “irrationality bordering on impropriety” (Matter of Kenefick v Sticht, 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016]).

1013
Patterson v. Evansgreen
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Here, we conclude upon our review of the record that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Patterson v Evans, 106 AD3d 1456, 1457 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d 912 [2013]).

2016Here, we conclude upon our review of the record that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Patterson v Evans, 106 AD3d 1456, 1457 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d 912 [2013]).

23
Galbreith v. New York State Board of Parolegreen
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Here, we conclude upon our review of the hearing transcript and the Board’s written decision that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Galbreith v New York State Bd. of Parole, 58 AD3d 731, 732 [2009]; Matter of Romer v Dennison, 24 AD3d 866, 868 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 706 [2006]).

2013Here, we conclude upon our review of the hearing transcript and the Board’s written decision that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Galbreith v New York State Bd. of Parole, 58 AD3d 731, 732 [2009]; Matter of Romer v Dennison, 24 AD3d 866, 868 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 706 [2006]).

23
Romer v. Dennisongreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Here, we conclude upon our review of the hearing transcript and the Board’s written decision that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Galbreith v New York State Bd. of Parole, 58 AD3d 731, 732 [2009]; Matter of Romer v Dennison, 24 AD3d 866, 868 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 706 [2006]).

2013Here, we conclude upon our review of the hearing transcript and the Board’s written decision that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Galbreith v New York State Bd. of Parole, 58 AD3d 731, 732 [2009]; Matter of Romer v Dennison, 24 AD3d 866, 868 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 706 [2006]).

23
Kenefick v. Stichtgreen
nyappdiv · 2016 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2019
2 sentences

2019Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the record reflects that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner's application ( see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison , 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Hamilton v New York State Div. of Parole , 119 AD3d 1268 , 1272-1273 [3d Dept 2014]) and inasmuch as the Board's determination does not exhibit "irrationality bordering on impropriety" ( Matter of Kenefick v Sticht , 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [4th Dept 2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016] [inte

2017Contrary to petitioner’s further contention, Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008]), and inasmuch as the Board’s determination does not exhibit “irrationality bordering on impropriety” (Matter of Kenefick v Sticht, 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016]).

22
MATTER OF SILMON v. Travisgreen
ny · 2000 · cited in 12 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2016
2 sentences

2013The record demonstrates that respondent considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for the denial, which include its conclusion that petitioner’s release would “tend to deprecate the seriousness of the instant offense(s) and undermine respect for the law” (see Executive Law § 259-i [2] [c] [A]; Matter of Silmon, 95 NY2d at 476 ).

2013The record demonstrates that respondent considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for the denial, which include its conclusion that petitioner’s release would “tend to deprecate the seriousness of the instant offense(s) and undermine respect for the law” (see Executive Law § 259-i [2] [c] [A]; Matter of Silmon, 95 NY2d at 476 ).

112
King v. New York State Division of Parolegreen
nyappdiv · 1993 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2019
2 sentences

2019Contrary to petitioner's contention, the Board took into account petitioner's deportation order; it was, however, only one of the factors under consideration in the Board's determination ( see generally Matter of King v New York State Div. of Parole , 190 AD2d 423, 431 [1st Dept 1993], affd 83 NY2d 788 [1994]).

2013(See Matter of Rios v New York State Div. of Parole, 15 Misc 3d 1107[A] , 2007 NY Slip Op 50529[U] [Sup Ct, Kings County 2007], citing Matter of King v New York State Div. of Parole, 190 AD2d at 434 .) Specifically, the record demonstrates that the Board inexplicably failed to consider and weigh myriad relevant factors, all of which categorically supported petitioner’s release on parole.

12
People v. Cartergreen
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Petitioner’s additional contentions — that respondents lacked jurisdiction over him by virtue of improper procedures and that he was denied due process of law by the Board’s failure to follow its statutory mandates — were not raised in his administrative appeal, and petitioner therefore has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to them (see Matter of Karlin v Cully, 104 AD3d 1285, 1286 [2013]; Matter of Secore v Mantello, 176 AD2d 1244, 1244 [1991]).

11
Secore v. Mantellogreen
nyappdiv · 1991 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Petitioner’s additional contentions — that respondents lacked jurisdiction over him by virtue of improper procedures and that he was denied due process of law by the Board’s failure to follow its statutory mandates — were not raised in his administrative appeal, and petitioner therefore has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to them (see Matter of Karlin v Cully, 104 AD3d 1285, 1286 [2013]; Matter of Secore v Mantello, 176 AD2d 1244, 1244 [1991]).

11
People v. Grunegreen
nyappterm · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The court directed the prosecutor "to file with the Court a prosecutor's information charging the defendant with such non-felony offense." Thus, the order clearly indicates that the required statutory inquiry was conducted by the Justice Court ( cf. People v Yolles , 92 NY2d 960 [1998]; People v Stinson , 22 Misc 3d 136 [A], 2008 NY Slip Op 52662[U] [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 2008]; People v Grune , 164 Misc 2d 1047, 1050 [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 1995]).

11
Karlin v. New York State Division of Parolegreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011However, the Board was entitled to place particular emphasis on the serious nature of petitioner’s crime (see Matter of Abdur-Raheem v New York State Bd. of Parole, 78 AD3d at 1413; Matter of Karlin v New York State Div. of Parole, 77 AD3d 1015, 1015 [2010]).

11
Abdur-Raheem v. New York State Board of Parolegreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Contrary to petitioner’s contention, the Board did not rely solely on the violent nature of the instant crime in denying release, but rather considered the other required statutory factors, including petitioner’s educational accomplishments, institutional and disciplinary records and postrelease plans (see Matter of Abdur-Raheem v New York State Bd. of Parole, 78 AD3d 1412, 1413 [2010]; Matter of McAllister v New York State Div. of Parole, 78 AD3d 1413, 1414 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 707 [2011]).

2011However, the Board was entitled to place particular emphasis on the serious nature of petitioner’s crime (see Matter of Abdur-Raheem v New York State Bd. of Parole, 78 AD3d at 1413; Matter of Karlin v New York State Div. of Parole, 77 AD3d 1015, 1015 [2010]).

11
McAllister v. New York State Division of Parolegreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011Contrary to petitioner’s contention, the Board did not rely solely on the violent nature of the instant crime in denying release, but rather considered the other required statutory factors, including petitioner’s educational accomplishments, institutional and disciplinary records and postrelease plans (see Matter of Abdur-Raheem v New York State Bd. of Parole, 78 AD3d 1412, 1413 [2010]; Matter of McAllister v New York State Div. of Parole, 78 AD3d 1413, 1414 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 707 [2011]).

11
In re Sheila G.green
ny · 1984 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004Diligent efforts is defined by statute as "reasonable attempts by an authorized agency to assist, develop and encourage a meaningful relationship between the parent and child, including but not limited to: (1) consultation and cooperation with the parents in developing a plan for appropriate services to the child and his family; (2) making suitable arrangements for the parents to visit the child.... (3) provision of services and other assistance to the parents * * * so that problems preventing the discharge of the child from care may be resolved or ameliorated; [and] (4) informing the parents

11
Acoli v. New Jersey State Parole Boardgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
In re the Claim of Masongreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

CaseCitedYears
Whalen v. DEGRAFF, FOY, CONWAY, HOLTHARRIS & MEALEY neutral
ny · 2008
2 sentences

2019Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the record reflects that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner's application ( see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison , 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Hamilton v New York State Div. of Parole , 119 AD3d 1268 , 1272-1273 [3d Dept 2014]) and inasmuch as the Board's determination does not exhibit "irrationality bordering on impropriety" ( Matter of Kenefick v Sticht , 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [4th Dept 2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016] [inte

2016Here, we conclude upon our review of the record that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Patterson v Evans, 106 AD3d 1456, 1457 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d 912 [2013]).

102013–2019
People v. Pine green
ny · 2013
2 sentences

2016Here, we conclude upon our review of the record that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Patterson v Evans, 106 AD3d 1456, 1457 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d 912 [2013]).

2016Here, we conclude upon our review of the record that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Patterson v Evans, 106 AD3d 1456, 1457 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d 912 [2013]).

32016–2016
MATTER OF CARDOZO v. Wlasiuk green
ny · 2006
2 sentences

2013Here, we conclude upon our review of the hearing transcript and the Board’s written decision that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Galbreith v New York State Bd. of Parole, 58 AD3d 731, 732 [2009]; Matter of Romer v Dennison, 24 AD3d 866, 868 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 706 [2006]).

2013Here, we conclude upon our review of the hearing transcript and the Board’s written decision that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application for release (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Galbreith v New York State Bd. of Parole, 58 AD3d 731, 732 [2009]; Matter of Romer v Dennison, 24 AD3d 866, 868 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 706 [2006]).

32013–2013
Allied World Natl. Assur. Co. v. Great Divide Ins. Co. green
ny · 2016
2 sentences

2019Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the record reflects that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner's application ( see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison , 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Hamilton v New York State Div. of Parole , 119 AD3d 1268 , 1272-1273 [3d Dept 2014]) and inasmuch as the Board's determination does not exhibit "irrationality bordering on impropriety" ( Matter of Kenefick v Sticht , 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [4th Dept 2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016] [inte

2017Contrary to petitioner’s further contention, Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner’s application (see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison, 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008]), and inasmuch as the Board’s determination does not exhibit “irrationality bordering on impropriety” (Matter of Kenefick v Sticht, 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016]).

22017–2019
Hamilton v. New York State Division green
nyappdiv · 2014
1 sentence

2019Supreme Court properly denied the petition inasmuch as the record reflects that the Board considered the required statutory factors and adequately set forth its reasons for denying petitioner's application ( see Matter of Siao-Pao v Dennison , 11 NY3d 777, 778 [2008], rearg denied 11 NY3d 885 [2008]; Matter of Hamilton v New York State Div. of Parole , 119 AD3d 1268 , 1272-1273 [3d Dept 2014]) and inasmuch as the Board's determination does not exhibit "irrationality bordering on impropriety" ( Matter of Kenefick v Sticht , 139 AD3d 1380, 1381 [4th Dept 2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 902 [2016] [inte

12019–2019
MATTER OF KING v. New York State Div. of Parole green
ny · 1994
1 sentence

2019Contrary to petitioner's contention, the Board took into account petitioner's deportation order; it was, however, only one of the factors under consideration in the Board's determination ( see generally Matter of King v New York State Div. of Parole , 190 AD2d 423, 431 [1st Dept 1993], affd 83 NY2d 788 [1994]).

12019–2019
People v. Fani green
nyappdiv · 2009
1 sentence

2016Defendant's failure to object to the Justice Court's allegedly inadequate colloquy with respect to defendant's written waiver of a jury trial renders the claim that the waiver was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent unpreserved for appellate review ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Pazmini , 132 AD3d 1015 [2015]; People v Gucciardo , 128 AD3d 983 , 984 [2015]; People v Silva , 91 AD3d 675 [2012]; People v Fani , 59 AD3d 460 [2009]; People v Hawkins , 41 AD3d 1314 , 1314-1315 [2007]).

12016–2016
People v. Silva green
nyappdiv · 2012
1 sentence

2016Defendant's failure to object to the Justice Court's allegedly inadequate colloquy with respect to defendant's written waiver of a jury trial renders the claim that the waiver was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent unpreserved for appellate review ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Pazmini , 132 AD3d 1015 [2015]; People v Gucciardo , 128 AD3d 983 , 984 [2015]; People v Silva , 91 AD3d 675 [2012]; People v Fani , 59 AD3d 460 [2009]; People v Hawkins , 41 AD3d 1314 , 1314-1315 [2007]).

12016–2016
People v. Yolles green
ny · 1998
1 sentence

2016The court directed the prosecutor "to file with the Court a prosecutor's information charging the defendant with such non-felony offense." Thus, the order clearly indicates that the required statutory inquiry was conducted by the Justice Court ( cf. People v Yolles , 92 NY2d 960 [1998]; People v Stinson , 22 Misc 3d 136 [A], 2008 NY Slip Op 52662[U] [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 2008]; People v Grune , 164 Misc 2d 1047, 1050 [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 1995]).

12016–2016
People v. Pazmini green
nyappdiv · 2015
1 sentence

2016Defendant's failure to object to the Justice Court's allegedly inadequate colloquy with respect to defendant's written waiver of a jury trial renders the claim that the waiver was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent unpreserved for appellate review ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Pazmini , 132 AD3d 1015 [2015]; People v Gucciardo , 128 AD3d 983 , 984 [2015]; People v Silva , 91 AD3d 675 [2012]; People v Fani , 59 AD3d 460 [2009]; People v Hawkins , 41 AD3d 1314 , 1314-1315 [2007]).

12016–2016
People v. Hawkins green
nyappdiv · 2007
1 sentence

2016Defendant's failure to object to the Justice Court's allegedly inadequate colloquy with respect to defendant's written waiver of a jury trial renders the claim that the waiver was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent unpreserved for appellate review ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Pazmini , 132 AD3d 1015 [2015]; People v Gucciardo , 128 AD3d 983 , 984 [2015]; People v Silva , 91 AD3d 675 [2012]; People v Fani , 59 AD3d 460 [2009]; People v Hawkins , 41 AD3d 1314 , 1314-1315 [2007]).

12016–2016
People v. Gucciardo green
nyappdiv · 2015
1 sentence

2016Defendant's failure to object to the Justice Court's allegedly inadequate colloquy with respect to defendant's written waiver of a jury trial renders the claim that the waiver was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent unpreserved for appellate review ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Pazmini , 132 AD3d 1015 [2015]; People v Gucciardo , 128 AD3d 983 , 984 [2015]; People v Silva , 91 AD3d 675 [2012]; People v Fani , 59 AD3d 460 [2009]; People v Hawkins , 41 AD3d 1314 , 1314-1315 [2007]).

12016–2016
Stanley v. New York State Board neutral
nysupct · 2011
1 sentence

2013(See Matter of Winchell v Evans, 32 Misc 3d 1217[A] , 2011 NY Slip Op 51347[U] [Sup Ct, Sullivan County 2011], citing Matter of Stanley v New York State Bd. of Parole, 31 Misc 3d 911 [Sup Ct, Orange County 2011].) Indeed, the Board’s passing mention of petitioner’s “receipt of an Earned Eligibility Certificate, good behavior, program accomplishments (as able), and document submissions” and its conclusory statement that “[Required statutory factors have been considered, including your risk to the community, rehabilitation efforts, and your needs for successful community reintegration,” were woe

12013–2013
Wan Zhang v. Travis green
nyappdiv · 2004
1 sentence

2012Indeed, petitioner does not seriously dispute that the Parole Board considered the required statutory factors to some extent; rather, his principal contention appears to be that the Parole Board gave excessive weight to the seriousness of his crimes of conviction and insufficient weight to the other required factors. 3 However, the Parole Board “is not required to give equal weight to each statutory factor” (Matter of Wan Zhang, 10 AD3d at 829 ; Matter of Collado v New York State Div. of Parole, 287 AD2d 921 [3d Dept 2001]).

12012–2012
Collado v. New York State Division of Parole green
nyappdiv · 2001
1 sentence

2012Indeed, petitioner does not seriously dispute that the Parole Board considered the required statutory factors to some extent; rather, his principal contention appears to be that the Parole Board gave excessive weight to the seriousness of his crimes of conviction and insufficient weight to the other required factors. 3 However, the Parole Board “is not required to give equal weight to each statutory factor” (Matter of Wan Zhang, 10 AD3d at 829 ; Matter of Collado v New York State Div. of Parole, 287 AD2d 921 [3d Dept 2001]).

12012–2012
Marcelin v. Travis green
nyappdiv · 1999
12003–2003
In re the Claim of Becton green
nyappdiv · 2000
1 sentence

2003The Board took further note of petitioner’s extensive criminal history (see Matter of Felder v Travis, 278 AD2d 570, 571 ).

12003–2003
Monette v. Monette green
nyappdiv · 1991
11996–1996
Fraguela v. Fraguela green
nyappdiv · 1991
11996–1996
Wingo v. Bane green
nyappdiv · 1994
11996–1996
Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15 green
scotus · 1969
11973–1973

Where else courts name it

OH 149 (2001–2026) NY 23 (1973–2019) TX 18 (1955–2024) PA 12 (2010–2026) UT 7 (2009–2024) VA 7 (2006–2025) WI 6 (2003–2024) FL 5 (2000–2015) IL 4 (1976–2021) WA 4 (2013–2016) KS 3 (2008–2025) MD 3 (1988–1996) MN 3 (1988–2016) ND 3 (2010–2022) IN 2 (2020–2020) SC 2 (2003–2015) MT 2 (2010–2026) MO 2 (1998–2024) CT 2 (2002–2014) MA 2 (2003–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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