chancellor error (Mississippi) · Go Syfert
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chancellor error in Mississippi

145 Mississippi opinions name it 2 courts 1931–2026 12 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Mississippi courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (59)

CaseFollowedCited
Hollon v. Hollongreen
miss · 2001 · cited in 26 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2014“However, where *242 the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error.” Brekeen v. Brekeen, 880 So.2d 280, 283 (Miss.2004) (quoting Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (Miss.2001)).

2014“However, where the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error.” Id. (quoting Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (¶ 11) (Miss.2001)).

2026
Jerome v. Stroudgreen
miss · 1997 · cited in 13 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2014
2 sentences

2014“However, where the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error.” Id. (quoting Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (¶ 11) (Miss.2001)).

2012“However, where the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error.” Id. (quoting Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (¶ 11) (Miss.2001)).

413
Smith v. Smithgreen
miss · 1993 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2004
2 sentences

2004"However, where the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error." Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (Miss.2001) (citing Stroud, 689 So.2d at 757 (citing Smith v. Smith, 614 So.2d 394, 397 (Miss.1993))). ¶ 5.

2002"However, where the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error." Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (Miss. 2001) (citing Stroud, 689 So.2d at 757 (citing Smith v. Smith, 614 So.2d 394, 397 (Miss. 1993))). ¶5.

44
Albright v. Albrightgreen
miss · 1983 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2025
2 sentences

2007In arriving at a custody arrangement that is in the child's best interest, the chancellor must apply the factors from Albright v. Albright, 437 So.2d 1003, 1005 (Miss.1983).

2007In arriving at a custody arrangement that is in the child's best interest, the chancellor should apply the factors from Albright v. Albright, 437 So.2d 1003, 1005 (Miss.1983).

34
Dunaway v. Dunawaygreen
missctapp · 1999 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2023
2 sentences

2023Ct. App. 2010); see also Dunaway v. Dunaway, 749 So. 2d 1112, 1121 (¶28) (Miss.

2018Ct. App. 2010) (holding that a chancellor was not in error for valuing marital assets solely from the parties' 8.05 financial statements, because the parties failed to provide the necessary evidence, and further holding that the former husband could not "now complain that the chancellor's valuations [were] unfair when no reliable evidence of the value of the property was presented at trial"); Dunaway , 749 So.2d at 1121 (¶ 28) (holding that, "[f]aced with proof that was far less than ideal, the chancellor made a valuation of the marital estate that finds some support in the record," and refusi

34
Brekeen v. Brekeengreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2014
2 sentences

2014“However, where *242 the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error.” Brekeen v. Brekeen, 880 So.2d 280, 283 (Miss.2004) (quoting Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (Miss.2001)).

2012Thus, “where the chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the chancellor in error.” Brekeen v. Brekeen, 880 So.2d 280, 283-84 (Miss.2004) (quoting Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (Miss. 2001)). ¶ 31.

33
Armstrong v. Armstronggreen
miss · 1993 · cited in 5 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1995–2020
2 sentences

2020In doing so, the chancellor applied the factors enumerated in Armstrong v. Armstrong, 618 So. 2d 1278, 1280 (Miss. 1993), and concluded that Tony should pay Allison periodic alimony of $1,000 per month.

2008Further, the basis for the chancellor's award of alimony in addition to the property settlement was considered by the chancellor in her analysis of the Armstrong factors as one of the factors used to determine whether alimony should be awarded is the "assets of each party." Armstrong v. Armstrong, 618 So.2d 1278, 1280 (Miss.1993). ¶ 17.

25
Matter of Adoption of a Minorgreen
miss · 1990 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2000–2026
2 sentences

2026As such, the chancellor abused his discretion 8 “[T]his Court on appeal, just as the chancellor in a hearing, is the superior guardian for a person under disability. . . .” Hill, 558 So. 2d at 858 . 10 by failing to adduce information on these important issues and by failing to include information about these issues in the Albright analysis and ultimate custody determination. ¶17.

2000Matter of Adoption of a Minor, 558 So.2d 854, 858 (Miss.1990) (holding that when matters before the chancery court concern the well being of a minor child and turn on his best interest, this Court will not remain silent on said matters not brought before or addressed by the lower court).

23
West v. Westgreen
miss · 2012 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2023
2 sentences

2023Accordingly, the subject property at issue in the Writs of Execution was free from any encumbrance resulting from the Writs of Execution at the time the stock transfer occurred, and [West Quality and Coastal] were free to acquire the stock at issue under the transactions of February 1, 2009. 1 After the remand of West I, a judgment was entered in Debbie West’s favor on May 9, 2008, in which the chancellor awarded $570,792 in past-due alimony and simple interest at 7 percent per year and $262,468.53 in attorneys’ fees. 7 Id. (alteration in original).

2017In addition, Mississippi Code Annotated section 9-1-41 (Rev. 2014) provides: In any action in which a court is authorized to award reasonable attorneys’ fees, the court shall not require the party seeking such fees to put on proof as to the reasonableness of the amount sought, but shall make the award based on the information already before it and the court’s own opinion based on experience and observation; provided however, a party may, in its discretion, place before the court other evidence as to the reasonableness of the amount 17 of the award, and the court may consider such evidence in m

23
Ferguson v. Fergusongreen
miss · 1994 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2022
2 sentences

2022After determining what property was marital and then determining the value of the marital estate, the chancellor applied the factors in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So. 2d 921, 928 (Miss. 1994), and held that “Becky shall be entitled to 60 [percent] of the total value of the marital estate at issue . . . and Jason shall be entitled to 40 [percent] of the total value of the marital estate at issue.” In order to effectuate these percentages, the chancellor ordered Jason to pay Becky a lump sum of $24,487.31.

2020Prior to division, the chancellor must apply the factors established by the Mississippi Supreme Court in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So. 2d 921 (Miss. 1994). ¶34.

23
Davis v. Vaughngreen
miss · 2013 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Our Court is bound to follow the well-settled law set forth by our supreme court: “[I]n the absence of rebutting the natural-parent presumption via clear and convincing evidence of abandonment, desertion, immoral conduct detrimental to the child, and/or unfitness, ‘the court may not consider granting custody to a third party, including one standing in loco parentis.’” Waites, 152 So. 3d at 314 (¶19) (quoting Davis, 126 So. 3d at 37 (¶12)).

2015The chancellor stated at the hearing: “[T]he only way I could give [Daniel] custody would be to find [Sabrina] unfit and to give it to a third-party who is not the natural parent.” Yet he awarded custody of Justice to Daniel, a third party, without making any such findings, a fact that the majority acknowledges. : Our Court is bound to follow the well-settled law set forth by our supreme court: “[I]n the absence of rebutting the natural-parent presumption via clear and convincing evidence of abandonment, desertion, immoral , conduct detrimental to the child, and/or unfitness, ‘the court may no

22
Jeffrey Scott Waites v. Amy M. Waites Ritchiegreen
miss · 2014 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Our Court is bound to follow the well-settled law set forth by our supreme court: “[I]n the absence of rebutting the natural-parent presumption via clear and convincing evidence of abandonment, desertion, immoral conduct detrimental to the child, and/or unfitness, ‘the court may not consider granting custody to a third party, including one standing in loco parentis.’” Waites, 152 So. 3d at 314 (¶19) (quoting Davis, 126 So. 3d at 37 (¶12)).

2015The chancellor stated at the hearing: “[T]he only way I could give [Daniel] custody would be to find [Sabrina] unfit and to give it to a third-party who is not the natural parent.” Yet he awarded custody of Justice to Daniel, a third party, without making any such findings, a fact that the majority acknowledges. : Our Court is bound to follow the well-settled law set forth by our supreme court: “[I]n the absence of rebutting the natural-parent presumption via clear and convincing evidence of abandonment, desertion, immoral , conduct detrimental to the child, and/or unfitness, ‘the court may no

22
Hemsley v. Hemsleygreen
miss · 1994 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2012–2014
2 sentences

2014See Hemsley v. Hemsley, 639 So.2d 909, 915 (Miss.1994).

2012See Hemsley v. Hemsley, 639 So. 2d 909, 915 (Miss. 1994).

22
Martin v. Coopgreen
miss · 1997 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2011–2013
2 sentences

2013After a hearing, the chancellor applied the factors from Martin v. Coop, 693 So.2d 912, 916 (Miss.1997), and determined it was in the best interest for the Quarta-ros to be awarded visitation with Aeelynn and Ryver.

2011The chancellor applied the factors set forth in Martin v. Coop, 693 So.2d 912, 916 (Miss.1997) to evaluate the impact on the children.

22
In Re MLWgreen
missctapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007In re M.L.W., 755 So.2d 558, 563 (¶ 22) (Miss.Ct.App. 2000). ¶ 17 Upon review of this case, A.C.W.'s arguments do not convince us that the chancellor was in error in failing to find clear and convincing evidence to support the termination of J.C.W.'s parental rights. ¶ 18 In regards to the abandonment issue, we do not find that J.C.W. had any settled purpose to forgo his duties or his claims to being H.D.W.'s parent.

2007In re M.L.W., 755 So.2d 558, 563(¶22) (Miss.Ct.App. 2000). ¶ 17 Upon review of this case, A.C.W.’s arguments do not convince us that the chancellor was in error in failing to find clear and convincing evidence to support the termination of J.C.W.’s parental rights. ¶ 18 In regards to the abandonment issue, we do not find that J.C.W. had any settled purpose to forgo his duties or his claims to being H.D.W.’s parent.

22
In Re Adoption of a Female Childgreen
miss · 1982 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004The Mississippi Supreme Court has previously and consistently held that "`constant arrearages in child support' *608 do not constitute abandonment or desertion." In Interest of J.D., 512 So.2d 684, 686 (Miss.1987) quoting In re Adoption of A Female Child, 412 So.2d 1175, 1178 (Miss.1982); (citing Petit v. Holifield, 443 So.2d 874, 878 (Miss.1984)).

2004The Mississippi Supreme Court has previously and consistently held that “ ‘constant arrearages in child sup port’ do not constitute abandonment or desertion.” In Interest of J.D., 512 So.2d 684, 686 (Miss.1987) quoting In re Adoption of A Female Child, 412 So.2d 1175, 1178 (Miss.1982); (citing Petit v. Holifield, 443 So.2d 874, 878 (Miss.1984)).

22
Petit v. Holifieldgreen
miss · 1984 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004The Mississippi Supreme Court has previously and consistently held that "`constant arrearages in child support' *608 do not constitute abandonment or desertion." In Interest of J.D., 512 So.2d 684, 686 (Miss.1987) quoting In re Adoption of A Female Child, 412 So.2d 1175, 1178 (Miss.1982); (citing Petit v. Holifield, 443 So.2d 874, 878 (Miss.1984)).

2004The Mississippi Supreme Court has previously and consistently held that “ ‘constant arrearages in child sup port’ do not constitute abandonment or desertion.” In Interest of J.D., 512 So.2d 684, 686 (Miss.1987) quoting In re Adoption of A Female Child, 412 So.2d 1175, 1178 (Miss.1982); (citing Petit v. Holifield, 443 So.2d 874, 878 (Miss.1984)).

22
In the Interest of J.D.green
miss · 1987 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004The Mississippi Supreme Court has previously and consistently held that "`constant arrearages in child support' *608 do not constitute abandonment or desertion." In Interest of J.D., 512 So.2d 684, 686 (Miss.1987) quoting In re Adoption of A Female Child, 412 So.2d 1175, 1178 (Miss.1982); (citing Petit v. Holifield, 443 So.2d 874, 878 (Miss.1984)).

2004The Mississippi Supreme Court has previously and consistently held that “ ‘constant arrearages in child sup port’ do not constitute abandonment or desertion.” In Interest of J.D., 512 So.2d 684, 686 (Miss.1987) quoting In re Adoption of A Female Child, 412 So.2d 1175, 1178 (Miss.1982); (citing Petit v. Holifield, 443 So.2d 874, 878 (Miss.1984)).

22
Blue v. Jonesgreen
miss · 1970 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2002–2003
2 sentences

2003See Blue v. Jones, 230 So.2d 569 (Miss.1970) (finding question of who were proper trustees, pastor and deacon of congregational church to be ecclesiastical that must be decided by congregation); Grantham v. Humphries, 185 Miss. 496 , 188 So. 313 (1939) (holding that "church authorities and such tribunals as they may set up for themselves are supreme in such matters.

2002See Blue v. Jones, 230 So. 2d 569 (Miss. 1970) (finding question of who were proper 6 trustees, pastor and deacon of congregational church to be ecclesiastical that must be decided by congregation); Grantham v. Humphries, 185 Miss. 496 , 188 So. 313 (1939) (holding that "church authorities and such tribunals as they may set up for themselves are supreme in such matters.

22
McKee v. McKeegreen
miss · 1982 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2001
2 sentences

2001The Court of Appeals held that since she did not introduce fee statements, her testimony which only indirectly indicated her inability to pay her own fees was insufficient to allow the chancellor to apply the factors of McKee v. McKee, 418 So.2d 764, 767 (Miss.1982). *201 We disagree and hold that there was sufficient evidence for the chancellor to apply the McKee factors.

1999The Court of Appeals held that since she did not introduce fee statements, her testimony which only indirectly indicated her inability to pay her own fees was insufficient to allow the chancellor to apply the factors of McKee v. McKee, 418 So. 2d 764, 767 (Miss. 1982).

22
Brown v. Gillespiegreen
miss · 1985 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1993–1998
2 sentences

1998Brown, 465 So.2d at 1048 -49 (citing Walters, 383 So.2d at 829 ). ¶ 6.

1996Brown, 465 So.2d at 1048 -49 (citing Walters, 383 So.2d at 829 ). ¶6.

13
McLean v. Greengreen
miss · 1977 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1983–1988
2 sentences

1983Still this Court affirmed stating Although we hold that the chancellor was in error [in assuming subject matter jurisdiction] Mississippi Constitution, § 147 (1890) prevents reversal solely on the ground of want of jurisdiction. . . . 352 So.2d at 1314 , 360 So.2d at 927 .

1983Still this Court affirmed stating Although we hold that the chancellor was in error [in assuming subject matter jurisdiction] Mississippi Constitution, § 147 (1890) prevents reversal solely on the ground of want of jurisdiction... . 352 So.2d at 1314 , 360 So.2d at 927 .

12
S.E.B. v. R.E.B.green
missctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025S.E.B. v. R.E.B., 67 So. 3d 14, 16 (¶8) (Miss.

11
Seghini v. Seghinigreen
missctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023“We cannot hold the chancellor in error for not considering an asset [or debt] if its present disposition or even its very existence was not established at trial.” Seghini v. Seghini, 42 So. 3d 635, 641 (¶20) (Miss.

11
Lowrey v. Lowreygreen
missctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
In Re Williamsongreen
miss · 2002 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Terry v. Stategreen
miss · 1998 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Timothy M. Benton v. Elizabeth A. Bentongreen
missctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Riddick v. Riddickgreen
missctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Branch v. Stategreen
miss · 1977 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Farrior v. Kittrellgreen
missctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Collins v. Collinsgreen
missctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Estate of St. Martin v. Hixsongreen
miss · 2014 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Jordan v. Jordangreen
missctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Angle v. Koppers, Inc.green
miss · 2010 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Lincoln Electric Co. v. McLemoregreen
miss · 2010 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
McEachern v. McEacherngreen
miss · 1992 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Dykes v. McMurrygreen
missctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Roberts v. Browngreen
missctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Powell v. Powellgreen
miss · 1994 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Mississippi. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

CaseCitedYears
Brand v. Brand green
miss · 1986
2 sentences

2003Brand, 482 So.2d at 238-39 .

2002Brand, 482 So. 2d at 238-39 .

31992–2003
Walters v. Walters green
miss · 1980
2 sentences

1998This Court in Brown cited *85 Walters v. Walters, 383 So.2d 827 (Miss. 1980), in which this Court held that: The chancellor was in error in granting a stay of execution on the judgment for $3,350 past-due child support for "so long as he pays ... the sum of $25.00 per month toward payment of such judgment." At this rate of payment it would take about 111/2 years to pay out the judgment ... [i]n the meantime, the appellant is being denied the right to attempt to collect the judgment through the normal collection processes, that is, writ of garnishment or writ of execution, or even the right to

1996This Court in Brown cited Walters v. Walters, 383 So.2d 827 (Miss. 1980), in which this Court held that: The chancellor was in error in granting a stay of execution on the judgment for $3,350 past-due child support for "so long as he pays . . . the sum of $25.00 per month toward payment of such judgment." At this rate of payment it would take about 111/2 years to pay out the judgment . . . [i]n the meantime, the appellant is being denied the right to attempt to collect the judgment through the normal collection processes, that is, writ of garnishment or writ of execution, or even the right to

31985–1998
Grantham v. Humphries green
miss · 1939
2 sentences

2003See Blue v. Jones, 230 So.2d 569 (Miss.1970) (finding question of who were proper trustees, pastor and deacon of congregational church to be ecclesiastical that must be decided by congregation); Grantham v. Humphries, 185 Miss. 496 , 188 So. 313 (1939) (holding that "church authorities and such tribunals as they may set up for themselves are supreme in such matters.

2003See Blue v. Jones, 230 So.2d 569 (Miss.1970) (finding question of who were proper trustees, pastor and deacon of congregational church to be ecclesiastical that must be decided by congregation); Grantham v. Humphries, 185 Miss. 496 , 188 So. 313 (1939) (holding that "church authorities and such tribunals as they may set up for themselves are supreme in such matters.

22002–2003
Bryant v. Horton green
miss · 1920
2 sentences

2000In Bryant v. Horton, 124 Miss. 1 , 86 So. 642 (1921), this Court reversed the trial court for hearing and granting a motion to dismiss without notice to opposing counsel or without giving opposing counsel the opportunity to be heard.

2000In Bryant v. Horton, 124 Miss. 1 , 86 So. 642 (1921), this Court reversed the trial court for hearing and granting a motion to dismiss without notice to opposing counsel or without giving opposing counsel the opportunity to be heard.

21998–2000
Heigle v. Heigle green
miss · 1995
2 sentences

2000Heigle I, 654 So.2d at 898 .

1998Heigle I, 654 So.2d at 898 .

21998–2000
Klumb v. Klumb green
miss · 1967
2 sentences

1999She relies on Klumb v. Klumb, 194 So.2d 221 (Miss.1967), wherein this Court found that the prevailing party was properly awarded attorney fees: The matter of fixing attorney's fees for services rendered in the trial court is appropriately entrusted to the sound discretion of the Chancellor.

1994She relies on Klumb v. Klumb, 194 So. 2d 221 (Miss. 1967), wherein this Court found that the prevailing party was properly awarded attorney fees: The matter of fixing attorney's fees for services rendered in the trial court is appropriately entrusted to the sound discretion of the Chancellor.

21994–1999
In Re Estate of Prine green
miss · 1968
12021–2021
Wilson v. Wilson green
missctapp · 2011
12020–2020
Common v. Common green
missctapp · 2010
12018–2018
Long v. Long green
missctapp · 2006
12018–2018
Jennings v. State green
miss · 2013
12015–2015
Caldwell v. Caldwell green
miss · 1991
12013–2013
Palmer v. Hoffman green
scotus · 1943
12012–2012
Yelverton v. Yelverton neutral
missctapp · 2006
12007–2007
Gmr v. Hes green
miss · 1986
12006–2006
Lawrence v. Lawrence green
miss · 1991
12004–2004
Haney v. Haney green
missctapp · 2001
12004–2004
Chancellor v. State green
missctapp · 2001
12003–2003
Faries v. Faries green
miss · 1992
11998–1998
Neville v. Neville green
missctapp · 1999
11998–1998
In Re Estate of Stanback green
miss · 1969
11995–1995

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 43-19-101 (9) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-103 (7) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-24 (6) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-109 (5) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-23 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MS 145 (1931–2026) TN 62 (1924–2021) FL 35 (1919–1993) IL 20 (1899–1969) MD 18 (1887–1980) AR 18 (1937–2009) KY 11 (1916–2025) NY 9 (1845–1994) PA 8 (1919–2025) AL 7 (1895–1997) DE 7 (1969–2020) NJ 5 (1927–2021) VA 3 (1966–1993) CA 2 (1914–1981)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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