lex loci delicti rule in Michigan

17 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1968–2002 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (13)

Case	Followed	Cited
Sexton v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc.green mich · 1982 · cited in 7 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1983–1997 2 sentences 1997As a matter of fact, the courts of Michigan have frequently departed from lex loci in individual instances. [Sexton, supra at 425 .] While Sexton marked the end of the lex loci delicti rule in Michigan, it did not produce a consensus on the appropriate choice of law methodology to be applied. 1997As a matter of fact, the courts of Michigan have frequently departed from lex loci in individual instances. [ Sexton, supra at 425 , 320 N.W.2d 843 .] While Sexton marked the end of the lex loci delicti rule in Michigan, it did not produce a consensus on the appropriate choice of law methodology to be applied.	3	7
Balts v. Baltsgreen minn · 1966 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1985 2 sentences 1985Wilcox v Wilcox, 26 Wis 2d 617, 621 ; 133 NW2d 408 (1965); Balts v Balts, 273 Minn 419, 424-426; 142 NW2d 66, 70 (1966). 3 Abendschein v Farrell, supra, is similar to the instant case in that it involved three jurisdictions. 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	2	2
Abendschein v. Farrellgreen mich · 1969 · cited in 8 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1975–1997 2 sentences 1997In adhering to the doctrine of lex loci delicti, the Court asserted that the quagmire of unanswered and perceivably unanswerable questions arising out of the proposed new doctrine appears less attractive than our admittedly hard and fastand occasionally unjust, it is true rule that the law of the place of the wrong is applied when the forum is a Michigan court. [ Id. at 516 , 170 N.W.2d 137 .] Despite adherence to the traditional rule, Michigan courts continued to employ various "escape devices" in order to mitigate harsh consequences. 1997In adhering to the doctrine of lex loci delicti, the Court asserted that the quagmire of unanswered and perceivably unanswerable questions arising out of the proposed new doctrine appears less attractive than our admittedly hard and fastand occasionally unjust, it is true rule that the law of the place of the wrong is applied when the forum is a Michigan court. [ Id. at 516 , 170 N.W.2d 137 .] Despite adherence to the traditional rule, Michigan courts continued to employ various "escape devices" in order to mitigate harsh consequences.	1	8
Sweeney v. Sweeneygreen mich · 1978 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1978–1997 2 sentences 1997See, e.g., Sweeney v Sweeney, 402 Mich 234 ; 262 NW2d 625 (1978); Shaheen v Schoenberger, 92 Mich App 491 ; 285 NW2d 343 (1979); Branyan v Alpena Flying Service, Inc, 65 Mich App 1 ; 236 NW2d 739 (1975). 1997See, e.g., Sweeney v Sweeney, 402 Mich 234 ; 262 NW2d 625 (1978); Shaheen v Schoenberger, 92 Mich App 491 ; 285 NW2d 343 (1979); Branyan v Alpena Flying Service, Inc, 65 Mich App 1 ; 236 NW2d 739 (1975).	1	3
Reich v. Purcellgreen cal · 1967 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1968–1982 2 sentences 1975In Reich v Purcell, 67 Cal 2d 551, 555; 63 Cal Rptr 31; 432 P2d 727 (1967), the California Supreme Court rejected the lex loci delicti rule in favor of the more modern approach of most significant relationship. 1968In Reich v. Purcell (1967), 67 Cal 2d 551, 555 (63 Cal Rptr 31, 432 P2d 727 ), the California court forthrightly rejected the lex loci delicti rule in favor of the more flexible and modern approach of most significant relationship.	1	3
Babcock v. Jacksongreen ny · 1963 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1997 2 sentences 1997In the seminal case of Babcock v Jackson, 12 NY2d 473, 484 ; 240 NYS2d 743 ; 191 NE2d 279 (1963), the New York Court of Appeals stated that the traditional rule “fail[ed] to take into account essential policy considerations and objectives . . . .” Instead of adhering to the lex loci delicti rule, the New York Court of Appeals asserted that it would consider the contacts of the tort with each jurisdiction and the interests that each government had in having its law applied. 7 Babcock sparked a “revolution” in conflicts of law jurisprudence. 1997In the seminal case of Babcock v Jackson, 12 NY2d 473, 484 ; 240 NYS2d 743 ; 191 NE2d 279 (1963), the New York Court of Appeals stated that the traditional rule “fail[ed] to take into account essential policy considerations and objectives . . . .” Instead of adhering to the lex loci delicti rule, the New York Court of Appeals asserted that it would consider the contacts of the tort with each jurisdiction and the interests that each government had in having its law applied. 7 Babcock sparked a “revolution” in conflicts of law jurisprudence.	1	2
Griffith v. United Air Lines, Inc.green pa · 1964 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982	1	1
Clark v. Clarkgreen nh · 1966 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1
Brickner v. Goodengreen okla · 1974 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1
Merchants Nat. Bank & Trust Co. of Fargo v. United Statesgreen ndd · 1967 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1
Wessling v. Parisgreen kyctapphigh · 1967 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1
Wartell v. Formusagreen ill · 1966 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1
Gutierrez v. Collinsgreen tex · 1979 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

Case	Cited	Years
Kaiser v. North green mich · 1939 2 sentences 1982Furthermore, both Abendschein and Kaiser v North, 292 Mich 49 ; 289 NW 325 (1939), on which Abendschein so strongly relied, have been seriously eroded, and Kaiser has in effect been overruled. 1970We do not view the Endres rule as the majority of the Court in Abendschein v. Farrell (1968), 11 Mich App 662 , 679 viewed the lex loci delicti rule established as the law in Michigan by Kaiser v. North (1939), 292 Mich 49 .	3	1970–1982
Branyan v. Alpena Flying Service, Inc. green michctapp · 1975 2 sentences 1997See, e.g., Sweeney v Sweeney, 402 Mich 234 ; 262 NW2d 625 (1978); Shaheen v Schoenberger, 92 Mich App 491 ; 285 NW2d 343 (1979); Branyan v Alpena Flying Service, Inc, 65 Mich App 1 ; 236 NW2d 739 (1975). 1997See, e.g., Sweeney v Sweeney, 402 Mich 234 ; 262 NW2d 625 (1978); Shaheen v Schoenberger, 92 Mich App 491 ; 285 NW2d 343 (1979); Branyan v Alpena Flying Service, Inc, 65 Mich App 1 ; 236 NW2d 739 (1975).	2	1979–1997
Wilcox v. Wilcox green wis · 1965 2 sentences 1985Wilcox v Wilcox, 26 Wis 2d 617, 621 ; 133 NW2d 408 (1965); Balts v Balts, 273 Minn 419, 424-426; 142 NW2d 66, 70 (1966). 3 Abendschein v Farrell, supra, is similar to the instant case in that it involved three jurisdictions. 1985Wilcox v Wilcox, 26 Wis 2d 617, 621 ; 133 NW2d 408 (1965); Balts v Balts, 273 Minn 419, 424-426; 142 NW2d 66, 70 (1966). 3 Abendschein v Farrell, supra, is similar to the instant case in that it involved three jurisdictions.	2	1982–1985
Abendschein v. Farrell green michctapp · 1968 2 sentences 1978In Abendschein v Farrell, 11 Mich App 662 ; 162 NW2d 165 (1968), the Court of Appeals urged "a fresh look at the dictates of lex loci delicti”. 1970We do not view the Endres rule as the majority of the Court in Abendschein v. Farrell (1968), 11 Mich App 662 , 679 viewed the lex loci delicti rule established as the law in Michigan by Kaiser v. North (1939), 292 Mich 49 .	2	1970–1978
Sutherland v. Kennington Truck Service, Ltd green mich · 1997 1 sentence 2002Sutherland, supra at 278-284 .	1	2002–2002
Shaheen v. Schoenberger neutral michctapp · 1979 2 sentences 1997See, e.g., Sweeney v Sweeney, 402 Mich 234 ; 262 NW2d 625 (1978); Shaheen v Schoenberger, 92 Mich App 491 ; 285 NW2d 343 (1979); Branyan v Alpena Flying Service, Inc, 65 Mich App 1 ; 236 NW2d 739 (1975). 1997See, e.g., Sweeney v Sweeney, 402 Mich 234 ; 262 NW2d 625 (1978); Shaheen v Schoenberger, 92 Mich App 491 ; 285 NW2d 343 (1979); Branyan v Alpena Flying Service, Inc, 65 Mich App 1 ; 236 NW2d 739 (1975).	1	1997–1997
Olmstead v. Anderson green mich · 1987 1 sentence 1997Some courts read Sexton to apply only to cases in which all the parties are Michigan residents and adhered to the lex loci delicti rule for all other cases. 19 Other courts have read Sexton to require a balancing of interests of the various states in the event that one of the parties is not from Michigan. 20 This Court clarified much of the confusion surrounding Sexton in Olmstead v Anderson, supra. Olmstead involved an automobile accident in Wisconsin between a Michigan driver and two Minnesota residents.	1	1997–1997
Storie v. Southfield Leasing, Inc green michctapp · 1979 2 sentences 1997A majority of this Court finally abandoned the lex loci delicti rule in the companion cases of Sexton v. Ryder Truck Rental and Storie v. Southfield Leasing, 90 Mich.App. 612 , 282 N.W.2d 417 (1979). 1997A majority of this Court finally abandoned the lex loci delicti rule in the companion cases of Sexton v. Ryder Truck Rental and Storie v. Southfield Leasing, 90 Mich.App. 612 , 282 N.W.2d 417 (1979).	1	1997–1997
Severine v. Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. green michctapp · 1982 2 sentences 1983See Sexton v Ryder Truck Rental, 413 Mich 406, 433 ; 320 NW2d 843 (1982), and Severine v Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp, 118 Mich App 769, 776 ; 325 NW2d 572 (1982), indicating that the law of the forum state (Michigan) is appropriate only where both plaintiff and defendant are Michigan residents. 1983See Sexton v Ryder Truck Rental, 413 Mich 406, 433 ; 320 NW2d 843 (1982), and Severine v Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp, 118 Mich App 769, 776 ; 325 NW2d 572 (1982), indicating that the law of the forum state (Michigan) is appropriate only where both plaintiff and defendant are Michigan residents.	1	1983–1983
Zeman v. Canton State Bank green iowa · 1973 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Issendorf v. Olson green nd · 1972 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Beaulieu v. Beaulieu green me · 1970 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Busby v. Perini Corporation green ri · 1972 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Moore v. Montes green arizctapp · 1974	1	1982–1982
Casey v. Manson Construction & Engineering Co. green or · 1967	1	1982–1982
Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp. green wash · 1976 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Sexton v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. green michctapp · 1978 2 sentences 1982Applying that doctrine, Judge Gillis "reluctantly” affirmed the trial court, id., 74 , but stated: "In doing so, this writer reaches what he perceives to be an inequitable result, and urges plaintiffs to appeal this case to the Supreme Court, who will hopefully abandon the lex loci delicti doctrine and adopt the more equitable 'dominant contacts’ approach.” Id., 70 . 1982Applying that doctrine, Judge Gillis "reluctantly” affirmed the trial court, id., 74 , but stated: "In doing so, this writer reaches what he perceives to be an inequitable result, and urges plaintiffs to appeal this case to the Supreme Court, who will hopefully abandon the lex loci delicti doctrine and adopt the more equitable 'dominant contacts’ approach.” Id., 70 .	1	1982–1982
Pevoski v. Pevoski green mass · 1976	1	1982–1982
First National Bank in Fort Collins v. Rostek green colo · 1973 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Mellk v. Sarahson green nj · 1967 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Kennedy v. Dixon green mo · 1969 1 sentence 1982See, e.g., in chronological order, Lorenzen, Territoriality, Public Policy and the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L J 736 (1924); Yntema, The Hornbook Method and the Conflict of Laws, 37 Yale L J 468 (1928); Lorenzen, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L Quarterly Rev 483 (1931); Cook, Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 35 Colum L Rev 202 (1935); Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tulane L Rev 4, 165 (1944); Cheatham, American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv L Rev 361 (1945); Morris, The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv L	1	1982–1982
Parrish v. B F Goodrich Co. green michctapp · 1973	1	1975–1975
DeVito v. Blenc green michctapp · 1973	1	1975–1975

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 257.401 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 259.180a (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2922 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

FL 19 (1967–2017) PA 19 (1964–2025) MI 17 (1968–2002) MD 15 (1981–2024) WV 14 (1987–2024) IN 12 (1980–2024) NC 12 (1989–2020) GA 11 (1996–2023) CT 11 (1986–2000) IL 10 (1969–2007) NY 10 (1955–1994) NM 7 (1976–2015) AL 7 (1980–2014) NJ 7 (1973–2006) RI 7 (1968–2011) TX 6 (1979–2009) MO 6 (1969–1988) WA 5 (2012–2025) AR 5 (1977–2021) WI 5 (1965–2024) DE 5 (1979–2011) VA 5 (2006–2024) SC 4 (1964–2015) MA 3 (1997–2004) ND 3 (1972–1998) SD 3 (1989–1997) LA 3 (1973–1981) KS 3 (1985–2024) IA 2 (1971–1973) CO 2 (1973–1978) WY 2 (1988–2015) VT 2 (1989–1997) OK 2 (2003–2026) TN 2 (1992–2006)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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