17 South Carolina opinions name it 2 courts 1994–2025 1 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by South Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Jefferies v. Phillipsgreen2 sentences2008See Jefferies v. Phillips , 316 S.C. 523, 527 , 451 S.E.2d 21, 23 (Ct. App. 1994) (stating conduct that only affects the parties to the transaction provides no basis for a UTPA claim). 2008See Jefferies v. Phillips , 316 S.C. 523, 527 , 451 S.E.2d 21, 23 (Ct. App. 1994) (stating conduct that only affects the parties to the transaction provides no basis for a UTPA claim). | 2 | 2 |
Key Co. v. Fameco Distributors, Inc.green2 sentences1994See Key Co. v. Fameco Distribs., 292 S.C. 524, 528 , 357 S.E.2d 476, 478 (Ct.App.1987) (no UTPA violation held shown where the dispute "involved nothing more than a breach of contract that affected no one but the parties to the contract"). 1994See Key Co. v. Fameco Distribs., 292 S.C. 524, 528 , 357 S.E.2d 476, 478 (Ct.App.1987) (no UTPA violation held shown where the dispute "involved nothing more than a breach of contract that affected no one but the parties to the contract"). | 2 | 2 |
Global Protection Corp. v. Halbersberggreen2 sentences2025Corp., 332 S.C. at 159 , 503 S.E.2d at 488). as to the public interest element of a UTPA claim. 2025Corp., 332 S.C. at 159 , 503 S.E.2d at 488). as to the public interest element of a UTPA claim. | 1 | 2 |
Florence Paper Co. v. Orphangreen2 sentences2008The supreme court addressed a similar UTPA claim between a business and a former employee, turned competitor, in the case of Florence Paper Co. v. Orphan , 298 S.C. 210 , 379 S.E.2d 289 (1989). 2008The supreme court addressed a similar UTPA claim between a business and a former employee, turned competitor, in the case of Florence Paper Co. v. Orphan , 298 S.C. 210 , 379 S.E.2d 289 (1989). | 1 | 2 |
Richland County v. Kaisergreen2 sentences2025See Richland County v. Kaiser, 351 S.C. 89, 97 , 567 S.E.2d 260, 264 (Ct. App. 2002) (reversing the award of attorney's fees because based on this court's reversal of the trial court's findings, the respondents were no longer the prevailing parties). 2025See Richland County v. Kaiser, 351 S.C. 89, 97 , 567 S.E.2d 260, 264 (Ct. App. 2002) (reversing the award of attorney's fees because based on this court's reversal of the trial court's findings, the respondents were no longer the prevailing parties). | 1 | 1 |
Carolina First Bank v. BADD, L.L.C.green2 sentences2017Cf. BADD, 414 S.C. at 296 , 778 S.E.2d at 109 (holding a counterclaim was permissive when its allegations, if true, would not have rendered the guaranty agreements unenforceable). 2017Cf. BADD, 414 S.C. at 296 , 778 S.E.2d at 109 (holding a counterclaim was permissive when its allegations, if true, would not have rendered the guaranty agreements unenforceable). | 1 | 1 |
Simpson v. MSA of Myrtle Beach, Inc.green2 sentences2016Cf. Simpson, 373 S.C. at 29-30 , 644 S.E.2d at 671 (finding an arbitration agreement unconscionable when it purported to restrict a consumer from receiving the statutorily-mandated treble damages to which she might otherwise have been entitled in her underlying UTPA claim, because courts “will not enforce a contract which is violative of public policy, statutory law, or provisions of the Constitution” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)). 2016Cf. Simpson, 373 S.C. at 29-30 , 644 S.E.2d at 671 (finding an arbitration agreement unconscionable when it purported to restrict a consumer from receiving the statutorily-mandated treble damages to which she might otherwise have been entitled in her underlying UTPA claim, because courts “will not enforce a contract which is violative of public policy, statutory law, or provisions of the Constitution” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)). | 1 | 1 |
Johnson v. Collins Entertainment Co., Inc.green2 sentences2015When this Court answered certified questions in Johnson in 2002, it reiterated the goal of limiting excessive gambling and protecting gamblers and then-families from allowing the gambler’s vice to overcome his ability to pay. 349 S.C. at 635 , 564 S.E.2d at 664-65 (citation omitted). 17 For these reasons, I would allow Proctor to pursue her UTPA claim in full against Defendants, who engaged in deliberate conduct that fed Proctor’s gambling addiction. 2015When this Court answered certified questions in Johnson in 2002, it reiterated the goal of limiting excessive gambling and protecting gamblers and then-families from allowing the gambler’s vice to overcome his ability to pay. 349 S.C. at 635 , 564 S.E.2d at 664-65 (citation omitted). 17 For these reasons, I would allow Proctor to pursue her UTPA claim in full against Defendants, who engaged in deliberate conduct that fed Proctor’s gambling addiction. | 1 | 1 |
The Huffines Co., LLC v. Lockhartgreen2 sentences2012See Parrish v. Allison , 376 S.C. 308, 319 , 656 S.E.2d 382, 388 (Ct. App. 2007) ("[I]f the evidence as a whole is susceptible of more than one reasonable inference, a jury issue is created and the motion should be denied."); The Huffines Co., LLC v. Lockhart , 365 S.C. 178, 187 , 617 S.E.2d 125, 129 (Ct. App. 2005) (holding that in ruling on motions for a directed verdict or JNOV, the trial court is required to view the evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motions). 2012See Parrish v. Allison , 376 S.C. 308, 319 , 656 S.E.2d 382, 388 (Ct. App. 2007) ("[I]f the evidence as a whole is susceptible of more than one reasonable inference, a jury issue is created and the motion should be denied."); The Huffines Co., LLC v. Lockhart , 365 S.C. 178, 187 , 617 S.E.2d 125, 129 (Ct. App. 2005) (holding that in ruling on motions for a directed verdict or JNOV, the trial court is required to view the evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motions). | 1 | 1 |
Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp.green2 sentences2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o 2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o | 1 | 1 |
Havird Oil Company, Incorporated v. Marathon Oil Company, Incorporated, and Emro Marketing Company, Incorporatedgreen2 sentences2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see 2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see | 1 | 1 |
Parrish v. Allisongreen2 sentences2012See Parrish v. Allison , 376 S.C. 308, 319 , 656 S.E.2d 382, 388 (Ct. App. 2007) ("[I]f the evidence as a whole is susceptible of more than one reasonable inference, a jury issue is created and the motion should be denied."); The Huffines Co., LLC v. Lockhart , 365 S.C. 178, 187 , 617 S.E.2d 125, 129 (Ct. App. 2005) (holding that in ruling on motions for a directed verdict or JNOV, the trial court is required to view the evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motions). 2012See Parrish v. Allison , 376 S.C. 308, 319 , 656 S.E.2d 382, 388 (Ct. App. 2007) ("[I]f the evidence as a whole is susceptible of more than one reasonable inference, a jury issue is created and the motion should be denied."); The Huffines Co., LLC v. Lockhart , 365 S.C. 178, 187 , 617 S.E.2d 125, 129 (Ct. App. 2005) (holding that in ruling on motions for a directed verdict or JNOV, the trial court is required to view the evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motions). | 1 | 1 |
Pepper v. Routh Crabtree, APCgreen1 sentence2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o | 1 | 1 |
Ward v. Dick Dyer and Associates, Inc.green2 sentences2006In Ward v. Dick Dyer and Assocs., Inc., plaintiffs initiated an action against a dealer whose employee failed to inform them the vehicle they purchased had been wrecked and repaired. 304 S.C. 152, 158 , 403 S.E.2d 310, 313 (1991). 2006In Ward v. Dick Dyer and Assocs., Inc., plaintiffs initiated an action against a dealer whose employee failed to inform them the vehicle they purchased had been wrecked and repaired. 304 S.C. 152, 158 , 403 S.E.2d 310, 313 (1991). | 1 | 1 |
Charleston Lumber Co. v. Miller Housing Corp.green2 sentences2006We disagree. [T]o recover pursuant to the UTPA one must prove each of the following three elements by the greater weight or preponderance of the evidence: 1) a violation of the Act, 2) proximate cause, and 3) damages. Charleston Lumber Co. v. Miller Housing Corp. , 318 S.C. 471, 482 , 458 S.E.2d 431, 438 (Ct. App. 1995). 2006We disagree. [T]o recover pursuant to the UTPA one must prove each of the following three elements by the greater weight or preponderance of the evidence: 1) a violation of the Act, 2) proximate cause, and 3) damages. Charleston Lumber Co. v. Miller Housing Corp. , 318 S.C. 471, 482 , 458 S.E.2d 431, 438 (Ct. App. 1995). | 1 | 1 |
Stiles v. Onoratogreen2 sentences1999DISCUSSION Initially, we note that in deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to 12(b)(6), SCRCP, the trial court should consider only the allegations set forth on the face of the plaintiffs complaint and a 12(b)(6) motion should not be granted if “facts alleged and inferences reasonably deducible therefrom would entitle the plaintiff to any relief on any theory of the case.” Stiles v. Onorato, 318 S.C. 297, 300 , 457 S.E.2d 601, 602 (1995). 2 The question is whether, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and with every doubt resolved in his behalf, the complaint states any valid claim f 1999DISCUSSION Initially, we note that in deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to 12(b)(6), SCRCP, the trial court should consider only the allegations set forth on the face of the plaintiffs complaint and a 12(b)(6) motion should not be granted if “facts alleged and inferences reasonably deducible therefrom would entitle the plaintiff to any relief on any theory of the case.” Stiles v. Onorato, 318 S.C. 297, 300 , 457 S.E.2d 601, 602 (1995). 2 The question is whether, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and with every doubt resolved in his behalf, the complaint states any valid claim f | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in South Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
York v. Conway Ford, Inc.
green
2 sentences2016Id. at 173 , 480 S.E.2d at 728 . 2016Id. at 173 , 480 S.E.2d at 728 . | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Gentry v. Yonce
green
2 sentences2015As the majority acknowledges, this Court’s opinions in Johnson and Gentry v. Yonce, 337 S.C. 1 , 522 S.E.2d 137 (1999), at the least, do not prohibit — and at the most, authorize — a gambler or third party’s UTPA claim to recover for illegal gambling losses. 2015As the majority acknowledges, this Court’s opinions in Johnson and Gentry v. Yonce, 337 S.C. 1 , 522 S.E.2d 137 (1999), at the least, do not prohibit — and at the most, authorize — a gambler or third party’s UTPA claim to recover for illegal gambling losses. | 1 | 2015–2015 |
SOUTHEASTERN HOUSING FOUNDATION v. Smith
green
2 sentences2012Found. v. Smith, 380 S.C. 621 , 647 n. 18, 670 S.E.2d 680 , 694 n. 18 (Ct.App.2008) (noting that the dismissal of a party’s legal malpractice claim would extinguish the breach of fiduciary duty cause of action in one action, but whether the defendant breached a fiduciary duty in other capacities could be a jury question). (2) UTPA RFT next argues the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict to Law Firm on its UTPA claim on the basis the UTPA does not apply to the legal profession. 2012Found. v. Smith, 380 S.C. 621 , 647 n. 18, 670 S.E.2d 680 , 694 n. 18 (Ct.App.2008) (noting that the dismissal of a party’s legal malpractice claim would extinguish the breach of fiduciary duty cause of action in one action, but whether the defendant breached a fiduciary duty in other capacities could be a jury question). (2) UTPA RFT next argues the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict to Law Firm on its UTPA claim on the basis the UTPA does not apply to the legal profession. | 1 | 2012–2012 |
Taylor v. Medenica
green
2 sentences2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o 2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o | 1 | 2012–2012 |
Wogan Ex Rel. Estate of Wogan v. Kunze
green
2 sentences2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see 2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see | 1 | 2012–2012 |
Adams v. GJ Creel and Sons, Inc.
green
2 sentences2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see 2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see | 1 | 2012–2012 |
LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc.
green
2 sentences2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see 2012Creel & Sons, Inc. , 320 S.C. 274 , 465 S.E.2d 84 (1995) (holding the trial court did not err in finding the plaintiff failed to present any evidence that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act and in granting a directed verdict to the defendant on the plaintiff's UTPA claim); LaMotte v. Punch Line of Columbia, Inc. , 296 S.C. 66 , 370 S.E.2d 711 (1988) (upholding the trial court's grant of summary judgment on a claim for violation of the UTPA where there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants engaged in unfair acts that affected a public interest); see | 1 | 2012–2012 |
Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp.
green
2 sentences2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o 2012See S.C.Code Ann. § 39-5-10(b) (1985) (defining “trade” and “commerce” in the UTPA as including the “sale or distribution of any services”); Taylor, 324 S.C. at 217 , 479 S.E.2d at 44 (citing the statutory definitions in section 39-5-10(b) and holding “[t]he provision of any service constitutes commerce within the meaning of the UTPA”; the Court observed that “[t]he statute does not exclude professional services from its definition”); Camp v. Springs Mortgage Corp., 307 S.C. 283, 285 , 414 S.E.2d 784, 786 (Ct.App.1991) (“There is no question but what legal services come within the definition o | 1 | 2012–2012 |
Hennes v. Shaw
green
2 sentences2012Cf. Hennes v. Shaw, 397 S.C. 391 , 725 S.E.2d 501 (Ct.App.2012) (holding even if the circuit court erred in directing a verdict on the plaintiffs UTPA claim based on the regulated industries exemption in the UTPA, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate sufficient evidence on all of the elements of the claim, in particular, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate the defendant’s actions adversely affected the public interest; thus, the circuit court’s grant of a directed verdict on this claim was affirmed). (3) SCUSA RFT’s challenge to the trial court’s grant of a directed verdict on its claim for aid 2012Cf. Hennes v. Shaw, 397 S.C. 391 , 725 S.E.2d 501 (Ct.App.2012) (holding even if the circuit court erred in directing a verdict on the plaintiffs UTPA claim based on the regulated industries exemption in the UTPA, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate sufficient evidence on all of the elements of the claim, in particular, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate the defendant’s actions adversely affected the public interest; thus, the circuit court’s grant of a directed verdict on this claim was affirmed). (3) SCUSA RFT’s challenge to the trial court’s grant of a directed verdict on its claim for aid | 1 | 2012–2012 |
Reynolds v. Ryland Group, Inc.
green
2 sentences2008In discussing the plaintiff's request that the Court find privity of contract was not required in a UTPA claim by a subsequent purchaser, the Reynold 's court noted that it "has taken a very active role in the construction area to protect innocent purchasers" including "the elimination of privity to protect an innocent purchaser who has invested his life savings from latent defects in a mobile society where it is foreseeable that more than the original owner will enjoy a home from a builder." Reynolds, 340 S.C. at 334 , 531 S.E.2d at 919 . 2008In discussing the plaintiff's request that the Court find privity of contract was not required in a UTPA claim by a subsequent purchaser, the Reynold 's court noted that it "has taken a very active role in the construction area to protect innocent purchasers" including "the elimination of privity to protect an innocent purchaser who has invested his life savings from latent defects in a mobile society where it is foreseeable that more than the original owner will enjoy a home from a builder." Reynolds, 340 S.C. at 334 , 531 S.E.2d at 919 . | 1 | 2008–2008 |
Noack Enterprises, Inc. v. Country Corner Interiors of Hilton Head Island, Inc.
green
2 sentences1994To be actionable under the UTPA, an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice must have an "impact on the public interest." Florence Paper Co. v. Orphan, 298 S.C. 210, 213 , 379 S.E.2d 289, 291 (1989); Noack Enters. v. Country Corner Interiors, 290 S.C. 475 , 351 S.E.2d 347 (Ct.App.1986); Michael R. 1994To be actionable under the UTPA, an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice must have an "impact on the public interest." Florence Paper Co. v. Orphan, 298 S.C. 210, 213 , 379 S.E.2d 289, 291 (1989); Noack Enters. v. Country Corner Interiors, 290 S.C. 475 , 351 S.E.2d 347 (Ct.App.1986); Michael R. | 1 | 1994–1994 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.