acknowledgment waiver in Georgia

13 Georgia opinions name it 2 courts 1916–2021 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Georgia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (9)

Case	Followed	Cited
SRM Realty Services Group, LLC v. Capital Flooring Enterprises, Inc.green gactapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013Group v. Capital Flooring Enterprises, 274 Ga. App. 595, 601 (1) ( 617 SE2d 581 ) (2005) (because the time period to serve an answer is not extended by OCGA § 9-10-73, where service is acknowledged pursuant to that statute, an answer must be served within 30 days after service is acknowledged). 2013Group v. Capital Flooring Enterprises, 274 Ga. App. 595, 601 (1) ( 617 SE2d 581 ) (2005) (because the time period to serve an answer is not extended by OCGA § 9-10-73, where service is acknowledged pursuant to that statute, an answer must be served within 30 days after service is acknowledged).	2	2
Satnam Waheguru Corp. v. Buckhead Community Bankgreen gactapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013(Emphasis supplied.) Compare Satnam Waheguru Corp. v. Buckhead Community Bank, 304 Ga. App. 438, 440-441 ( 696 SE2d 430 ) (2010) (where counsel executed an acknowledgment and waiver pursuant to OCGA § 9-10-73, answer was due within 30 days after the acknowledgment and waiver); SRM Realty Svcs. 2013(Emphasis supplied.) Compare Satnam Waheguru Corp. v. Buckhead Community Bank, 304 Ga. App. 438, 440-441 ( 696 SE2d 430 ) (2010) (where counsel executed an acknowledgment and waiver pursuant to OCGA § 9-10-73, answer was due within 30 days after the acknowledgment and waiver); SRM Realty Svcs.	2	2
Guerrero v. Tellezgreen gactapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 2 sentences 2021See Lewis, 209 Ga. App. at 233 (1); OCGA § 9-11-4 (d); see also OCGA § 9-10-73 (“The defendant may acknowledge service or waive process by a writing signed by the defendant or someone authorized by him.”); compare Newell v. Brown, 187 Ga. App. 9, 10 ( 369 SE2d 499 ) (1988) (finding that counsel who executed proper acknowledgment of service, stating that “all other and further service and notices are hereby waived[,]” did not have authority to represent party). 10 The result is that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over Appellants.9 See Gurrero v. Tellez, 242 Ga. App. 354, 356-357 ( 2021See Lewis, 209 Ga. App. at 233 (1); OCGA § 9-11-4 (d); see also OCGA § 9-10-73 (“The defendant may acknowledge service or waive process by a writing signed by the defendant or someone authorized by him.”); compare Newell v. Brown, 187 Ga. App. 9, 10 ( 369 SE2d 499 ) (1988) (finding that counsel who executed proper acknowledgment of service, stating that “all other and further service and notices are hereby waived[,]” did not have authority to represent party). 10 The result is that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over Appellants.9 See Gurrero v. Tellez, 242 Ga. App. 354, 356-357 (	1	1
Newell v. Browngreen gactapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 2 sentences 2021See Lewis, 209 Ga. App. at 233 (1); OCGA § 9-11-4 (d); see also OCGA § 9-10-73 (“The defendant may acknowledge service or waive process by a writing signed by the defendant or someone authorized by him.”); compare Newell v. Brown, 187 Ga. App. 9, 10 ( 369 SE2d 499 ) (1988) (finding that counsel who executed proper acknowledgment of service, stating that “all other and further service and notices are hereby waived[,]” did not have authority to represent party). 10 The result is that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over Appellants.9 See Gurrero v. Tellez, 242 Ga. App. 354, 356-357 ( 2021See Lewis, 209 Ga. App. at 233 (1); OCGA § 9-11-4 (d); see also OCGA § 9-10-73 (“The defendant may acknowledge service or waive process by a writing signed by the defendant or someone authorized by him.”); compare Newell v. Brown, 187 Ga. App. 9, 10 ( 369 SE2d 499 ) (1988) (finding that counsel who executed proper acknowledgment of service, stating that “all other and further service and notices are hereby waived[,]” did not have authority to represent party). 10 The result is that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over Appellants.9 See Gurrero v. Tellez, 242 Ga. App. 354, 356-357 (	1	1
Lewis v. Southern General Insurancegreen gactapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 1 sentence 2021See Lewis, 209 Ga. App. at 233 (1); OCGA § 9-11-4 (d); see also OCGA § 9-10-73 (“The defendant may acknowledge service or waive process by a writing signed by the defendant or someone authorized by him.”); compare Newell v. Brown, 187 Ga. App. 9, 10 ( 369 SE2d 499 ) (1988) (finding that counsel who executed proper acknowledgment of service, stating that “all other and further service and notices are hereby waived[,]” did not have authority to represent party). 10 The result is that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over Appellants.9 See Gurrero v. Tellez, 242 Ga. App. 354, 356-357 (	1	1
Barone v. McRae & Holloway, P. C.green gactapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013Group v. Capital Flooring Enterprises, 274 Ga. App. 595, 601 (1) ( 617 SE2d 581 ) (2005) (because the time period to serve an answer is not extended by OCGA § 9-10-73, where service is acknowledged pursuant to that statute, an answer must be served within 30 days after service is acknowledged). 5 See Barone v. McRae & Holloway, 179 Ga. App. 812, 813 (1) ( 348 SE2d 320 ) (1986). 6 See id. at 812-813 (1). 5 Investments] to show excusable neglect.”7 “‘Excusable neglect’ means, among other things, ‘a reasonable excuse.’ The maxim that ‘ignorance of the law offers no legal excuse’ needs no citation 2013Group v. Capital Flooring Enterprises, 274 Ga. App. 595, 601 (1) ( 617 SE2d 581 ) (2005) (because the time period to serve an answer is not extended by OCGA § 9-10-73, where service is acknowledged pursuant to that statute, an answer must be served within 30 days after service is acknowledged). 5 See Barone v. McRae & Holloway, 179 Ga. App. 812, 813 (1) ( 348 SE2d 320 ) (1986). 6 See id. at 812-813 (1). 5 Investments] to show excusable neglect.”7 “‘Excusable neglect’ means, among other things, ‘a reasonable excuse.’ The maxim that ‘ignorance of the law offers no legal excuse’ needs no citation	1	1
Kirby v. Johnsongreen ga · 1951 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1962–1962 1 sentence 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T.	1	1
Parker v. Parkergreen ga · 1951 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1962–1962 1 sentence 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T.	1	1
Parks v. Columbia Loan Co.green gactapp · 1959 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1962–1962 2 sentences 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ). 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Georgia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

Case	Cited	Years
Boykin v. Alabama green scotus · 1969 2 sentences 2000In Boykin [v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 , 89 S.Ct. 1709 , 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969)], the court held that when the accused pleads guilty the record must disclose the defendant's voluntary waiver of his constitutional rights. 2000In Boykin [v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 , 89 S.Ct. 1709 , 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969)], the court held that when the accused pleads guilty the record must disclose the defendant's voluntary waiver of his constitutional rights.	1	2000–2000
Tanner v. State green ga · 1959 1 sentence 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T.	1	1962–1962
Flagg v. Hedrick green ga · 1959 1 sentence 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T.	1	1962–1962
Perry v. Smith green gactapp · 1955 2 sentences 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ). 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ).	1	1962–1962
Scott v. State neutral ga · 1959 1 sentence 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T.	1	1962–1962
Statham v. Saxon neutral ga · 1954 2 sentences 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T. 1962See Parker v. Parker, 208 Ga. 190 ( 65 SE2d 794 ); Statham v. Saxon, 210 Ga. 369 ( 80 SE2d 182 ); Tanner v. State, 214 Ga. 859 ( 108 SE2d 703 ); Scott v. State, 214 Ga. 860 , supra; Universal C.I.T.	1	1962–1962
Bible v. Allday neutral gactapp · 1956 2 sentences 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ). 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ).	1	1962–1962
Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Company, Inc. green gactapp · 1960 2 sentences 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ). 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ).	1	1962–1962
Stewart Oil Co., Inc. v. Schell neutral ga · 1956 2 sentences 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ). 1962See Carnes v. Pittman, supra, (1); Perry v. Smith, 91 Ga. App. 538 (1) ( 86 SE2d 345 ); Bible v. Allday, 93 Ga. App. 231 (4) ( 91 SE2d 306 ); Parks v. Columbia Loan Co., 100 Ga. App. 239, 241 (1) ( 110 SE2d 777 ); Lightfoot v. Southeastern Liquid Fertilizer Co., 102 Ga. App. 512 (1) ( 116 SE2d 651 ), citing Stewart Oil Co. v. Schell, 212 Ga. 459 ( 93 SE2d 700 ).	1	1962–1962
West Lumber Company v. Harris green ga · 1948 2 sentences 1953Code i 6-911; West Lumber Co. v. Harris, 204 Ga. 343 ( 50 S. E. 2d 15 ). 1953Code i 6-911; West Lumber Co. v. Harris, 204 Ga. 343 ( 50 S. E. 2d 15 ).	1	1953–1953
Central of Georgia Railway Co. v. Forehand green ga · 1907 1 sentence 1949Council also points out that where a minor sues by prochein ami, the prochein ami and not the minor is the proper person upon whom the bill of exceptions should be served (Vickers v. Hawkins, 128 Ga. 794 ( 58 S. E. 44 ), and that the proper acknowledgment and waiver upon tender of a bill of exceptions under Code (Ann.	1	1949–1949
Vickers v. Hawkins green ga · 1907 1 sentence 1949Council also points out that where a minor sues by prochein ami, the prochein ami and not the minor is the proper person upon whom the bill of exceptions should be served (Vickers v. Hawkins, 128 Ga. 794 ( 58 S. E. 44 ), and that the proper acknowledgment and waiver upon tender of a bill of exceptions under Code (Ann.	1	1949–1949
Holloway v. State neutral gactapp · 1915 2 sentences 1948This is the construction placed upon the act of 1911 by this court in Holloway v. State, 16 Ga. App. 143 ( 84 S. E. 590 ), and in Anthony v. Consolidated Film &c. 1948This is the construction placed upon the act of 1911 by this court in Holloway v. State, 16 Ga. App. 143 ( 84 S. E. 590 ), and in Anthony v. Consolidated Film &c.	1	1948–1948
Jones v. Sutphin Co. neutral gactapp · 1937 2 sentences 1945Eailure to make it such a party and serve it with a copy of the bill of exceptions, or to procure an acknowledgment or waiver of such service, necessarily results in a dismissal of the writ of error,” Jones v. Sutphin Company, 56 Ga. App. 82 ( 192 S. E. 233 ). 1945Eailure to make it such a party and serve it with a copy of the bill of exceptions, or to procure an acknowledgment or waiver of such service, necessarily results in a dismissal of the writ of error,” Jones v. Sutphin Company, 56 Ga. App. 82 ( 192 S. E. 233 ).	1	1945–1945
Poston v. Durham & Co. neutral ga · 1933 2 sentences 1934While it is true that all persons who are interested in sustaining or reversing the judgment of the court below are indispensable parties in the appellate courts, and they must be made parties to the bill of exceptions or the same will be dismissed (Emanuel Farm Co. v. Batts, 176 Ga. 552 , 168 S. E. 316 ; Poston v. Durham, 177 Ga. 870 , 171 S. E. 765 ; Civil Code (1910), § 6176), yet, where this is not done, and the plaintiff in error seeks to amend the bill of exceptions by adding thereto the names of the parties below who are proper defendants in error in this court, and procures from such p 1934While it is true that all persons who are interested in sustaining or reversing the judgment of the court below are indispensable parties in the appellate courts, and they must be made parties to the bill of exceptions or the same will be dismissed (Emanuel Farm Co. v. Batts, 176 Ga. 552 , 168 S. E. 316 ; Poston v. Durham, 177 Ga. 870 , 171 S. E. 765 ; Civil Code (1910), § 6176), yet, where this is not done, and the plaintiff in error seeks to amend the bill of exceptions by adding thereto the names of the parties below who are proper defendants in error in this court, and procures from such p	1	1934–1934
Emanuel Farm Co. v. Batts neutral ga · 1933 2 sentences 1934While it is true that all persons who are interested in sustaining or reversing the judgment of the court below are indispensable parties in the appellate courts, and they must be made parties to the bill of exceptions or the same will be dismissed (Emanuel Farm Co. v. Batts, 176 Ga. 552 , 168 S. E. 316 ; Poston v. Durham, 177 Ga. 870 , 171 S. E. 765 ; Civil Code (1910), § 6176), yet, where this is not done, and the plaintiff in error seeks to amend the bill of exceptions by adding thereto the names of the parties below who are proper defendants in error in this court, and procures from such p 1934While it is true that all persons who are interested in sustaining or reversing the judgment of the court below are indispensable parties in the appellate courts, and they must be made parties to the bill of exceptions or the same will be dismissed (Emanuel Farm Co. v. Batts, 176 Ga. 552 , 168 S. E. 316 ; Poston v. Durham, 177 Ga. 870 , 171 S. E. 765 ; Civil Code (1910), § 6176), yet, where this is not done, and the plaintiff in error seeks to amend the bill of exceptions by adding thereto the names of the parties below who are proper defendants in error in this court, and procures from such p	1	1934–1934
Camp v. Cahn neutral ga · 1875 1 sentence 1925Camp v. Cahn, 53 Ga. 558 ; DeLeon v. Heller, 77 Ga. 742 .” Cincinnati Ry.	1	1925–1925
McAlister v. State green ga · 1887 2 sentences 1918The cases of McAlister v. State, 77 Ga. 599 ( 3 S. E. 163 ), and American Bonding & Surety Co. v. Adams, 124 Ga. 510 ( 52 S. E. 622 ), are not in conflict with this ruling. 1918The cases of McAlister v. State, 77 Ga. 599 ( 3 S. E. 163 ), and American Bonding & Surety Co. v. Adams, 124 Ga. 510 ( 52 S. E. 622 ), are not in conflict with this ruling.	1	1918–1918
Asher v. Cape green ga · 1894 2 sentences 1918While it has been held that the following acknowledgment, endorsed on the petition and signed by counsel for the defendant in certiorari, ' was sufficient evidence that he “not only waived written notice of the time and place of hearing, but also received due and legal notice of the judge’s sanction,” to wit: “Due and legal service of the within petition for certiorari and certiorari acknowledged; notice of time and place of hearing waived” (Asher v. Cape, 95 Ga. 31 , 22 S. E. 41 ), in this case no written notice was given to the opposite party in interest, his agent, or attorney, of the sanct 1918While it has been held that the following acknowledgment, endorsed on the petition and signed by counsel for the defendant in certiorari, ' was sufficient evidence that he “not only waived written notice of the time and place of hearing, but also received due and legal notice of the judge’s sanction,” to wit: “Due and legal service of the within petition for certiorari and certiorari acknowledged; notice of time and place of hearing waived” (Asher v. Cape, 95 Ga. 31 , 22 S. E. 41 ), in this case no written notice was given to the opposite party in interest, his agent, or attorney, of the sanct	1	1918–1918
American Bonding & Surety Co. v. Adams green ga · 1905 2 sentences 1918The cases of McAlister v. State, 77 Ga. 599 ( 3 S. E. 163 ), and American Bonding & Surety Co. v. Adams, 124 Ga. 510 ( 52 S. E. 622 ), are not in conflict with this ruling. 1918The cases of McAlister v. State, 77 Ga. 599 ( 3 S. E. 163 ), and American Bonding & Surety Co. v. Adams, 124 Ga. 510 ( 52 S. E. 622 ), are not in conflict with this ruling.	1	1918–1918
Bell v. Bowdoin green ga · 1899 1 sentence 1916In Bell v. Bowdoin, 109 Ga, 209, 212 ( 34 S. E. 339 ), it was said: “On the trial of this issue the justice of the peace was offered as a witness, and testified that he issued the original summons and placed it in the hands of the constable, and that the constable handed it to him and requested that he serve it upon the defendant, if he would accept it as service. ' He met the defendant and told him of the request of the constable, and the defendant agreed to accept service from him.	1	1916–1916

Statutes the citing opinions construe

GA § 9-10-73 (3) GA § 9-11-4 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 22 (1886–2020) GA 13 (1916–2021) IL 11 (1980–2020) OH 10 (1933–2026) CA 10 (1941–2023) PA 8 (1944–2024) LA 8 (1992–2023) NM 7 (1938–2020) MO 5 (1957–1998) MT 5 (1999–2018) CO 4 (1999–2026) MD 4 (1910–2011) TX 4 (1981–2016) MA 3 (1997–2019) MS 3 (1992–2020) NH 3 (1879–2020) MI 3 (1979–2020) VT 3 (2006–2022) NJ 3 (1993–2022) IA 3 (1998–2008) KS 2 (2002–2007) DC 2 (1986–1987) OR 2 (1986–2021)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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