91 Ohio opinions name it 2 courts 1995–2026 18 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
State ex rel. Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. Industrial Commissiongreen2 sentences2019Comm. of Ohio, 72 Ohio St.3d 401 (1995), the staff hearing officer concluded that Ms. Koch had "voluntarily abandon[ed] her former position" at respondent Fresh Mark, Inc., and denied her claim. 2016Comm., 72 Ohio St.3d 401 (1995)]." (Agreed Stipulations, 51.) {¶ 21} SCCAA appealed, and a staff hearing officer ("SHO") heard the appeal on May 2, 2014. | 1 | 4 |
Jenkins v. Kellergreen2 sentences2018Decisions of the staff hearing officer regarding settlement agreements under R.C. 4123.65 "are final and not appealable to the commission or to court under section 4123.511 or 4123.512 of the Revised Code." R.C. 4121.35(B)(5); see also R.C. 4123.65(F). {¶ 20} "Courts of Common Pleas do not have inherent jurisdiction in workmen's compensation cases but only such jurisdiction as is conferred on them under the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act." Jenkins v. Keller, 6 Ohio St.2d 122 (1966), paragraph four of the syllabus. 2003The appellant shall file the notice of appeal with a court of common pleas within sixty days after the date of the receipt of the order appealed from or the date of receipt of the order of the commission refusing to hear an appeal of a staff hearing officer's decision under division (D) of section 4123.511 of the Revised Code. * * *." {¶ 8} "Courts of Common Pleas do not have inherent jurisdiction in workmen's compensation cases but only such jurisdiction as is conferred on them under the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act." Jenkins v. Keller (1966), 6 Ohio St.2d 122 , 216 N.E.2d 379 | 1 | 4 |
State Ex Rel. Donohoe v. Industrial Commissiongreen2 sentences2026For example, the staff hearing officer noted Dr. Shuman’s finding that Fought’s “activities of daily living, social functioning, and persistence, pace and concentration were mildly impaired.” (Stip. at 110.) Additionally, the staff hearing officer’s order reflects Dr. Shuman’s finding that Fought had “reached maximum medical improvement for the allowed psychological condition” and had “a 23 percent whole person impairment, based solely on the allowed psychological condition.” Id. 2026Furthermore, the staff hearing officer recited each of the limitations imposed by Dr. Shuman as follows: “Dr. Shuman indicated [Fought] was capable of working six hours per day, five days per week, no direct contact with customers due to irritability, and in a position that allowed extra breaks when suffering from pain related to the allowed conditions.” Id. | 1 | 2 |
State ex rel. Prinkey v. Emerine's Towing, Inc.green2 sentences2025Compare Prinkey at ¶ 24 (stating that the commission’s staff hearing officer “failed to provide any reasoning why the medical reports [the claimant] submitted are not evidence of new and changed circumstances” and finding that the staff hearing officer “failed to cite the evidence on which it relied in reaching its decision, instead mentioning all the evidence it considered” (Emphasis in original.)). 2025Indeed, ODOT acknowledges that “this court has found that percentage increases in permanent partial percentage is not a ‘improper consideration’ of new and changed circumstances.” (Sic passim.) (ODOT’s Brief at 15.) Despite these changes between the opinions of the commission’s specialists, the staff hearing officer stated that “the only change presented by [Davis] since the adjudication and denial of her last IC-2 Application is that [Davis] has aged.” Id. | 1 | 2 |
State ex rel. Klein v. Precision Excavating & Grading Co. (Slip Opinion)green2 sentences2021Klein v. Precision Excavating & Grading Co., 155 Ohio St.3d 78 , 2018-Ohio-3890 , that the magistrate agreed with the finding of the staff hearing officer ("SHO") that relator resigned her employment effective December 14, 2016, even though she did not execute the resignation until March 14, 2017. 2021Klein v. Precision Excavating & Grading Co., 155 Ohio St.3d 78 , 2018-Ohio-3890 , that the magistrate agreed with the finding of the staff hearing officer ("SHO") that relator resigned her employment effective December 14, 2016, even though she did not execute the resignation until March 14, 2017. | 1 | 2 |
State ex rel. Navistar, Inc. v. Indus. Comm.green1 sentence2026Comm. of Ohio, 2017-Ohio-8976, ¶ 23 (1oth Dist.) (applying a former version of Adm.Code 4121-3-34(D)(1)(d) to find that absent clear and convincing proof that the employer raised the issue of voluntary retirement before the staff hearing officer, the employer cannot establish that the staff hearing officer’s failure to address the issue constituted an abuse of discretion). | 1 | 1 |
State ex rel. Cleveland Metro. School Dist. v. Indus. Comm.green1 sentence2026Comm., 2022-Ohio-2150, ¶ 6 (10th Dist.) (stating that “the commission has the discretion to reject uncontroverted medical evidence so long as the commission explains its reason for doing so”). {¶ 55} Here, the staff hearing officer rejected Dr. Armstrong-Murphy’s report and provided a brief explanation setting forth a reasonable basis for the rejection. | 1 | 1 |
State ex rel. Urban v. Wano Expiditing, Inc.green2 sentences2026See Urban, 2025-Ohio-3009 . {¶ 50} In Urban, a worker’s compensation claimant sought a writ of mandamus, arguing that because his claim included allowed psychological conditions and a commission staff hearing officer had found him physically able to work, Adm.Code 4121-3-34(D)(3)(i) required the staff hearing officer to separately consider his ability to work based on the combination of limitations relating to his physical and psychological conditions. 2026Further, they are found persuasive [Fought] could potentially return to work within his restrictions.” Id. {¶ 56} As in Urban, the staff hearing officer’s “reliance on [these] reports necessarily shows—at the very least, implicitly—that [the staff hearing officer] considered [the] physical and psychological conditions.” (Emphasis in original.) Urban, 2025-Ohio-3009, ¶ 28 . | 1 | 1 |
State ex rel. Whirlpool Corp. v. Ricegreen1 sentence2026The Tenth District referred the matter to a magistrate, who recommended granting the writ, finding that under the regulation’s text, the tops of the ladders were not platforms that required guardrails, because they did not cross the conveyor. 2024-Ohio-3252, ¶ 64 (10th Dist.). | 1 | 1 |
State ex rel. Moss v. Industrial Commissiongreen2 sentences2026Comm. of Ohio, 75 Ohio St.3d 414, 417 (1996). {¶ 75} As discussed above, the staff hearing officer found Storts was 67 years of age at the time of the hearing and 68 at the time the order was issued. 2026See Moss at 417 (“A college degree, for example, can do much to ameliorate the effects of advanced age.”). | 1 | 1 |
State Ex Rel. Nerlinger v. Ajr Ents., Inc, Unpublished Decision (11-21-2006)green1 sentence2026See Nerlinger I, 2006-Ohio-6143, at ¶ 13 (10th Dist.); State ex rel. | 1 | 1 |
State ex rel. Druggan v. Indus. Comm.green1 sentence2025Comm., 1999-Ohio-335, ¶ 10 (“A presumption of regularity accompanies commission orders.”). {¶ 60} Turning to the issue at hand, it was not an abuse of discretion for the staff hearing officer to deny relief under R.C. 4123.522 because there was some evidence to support this determination. | 1 | 1 |
State Ex Rel. Rankin v. Cyned Transp. Corp, Unpublished Decision (6-13-2006)green2 sentences2025Rankin v. Cyned Transport Corp., 2006-Ohio-2962, ¶ 4 (10th Dist.). 2025The staff hearing officer found Kaminski’s “occupational history is also a positive factor in gaining additional transferrable skills and the search for work consistent with his physical and psychological restrictions.” (Stip. at 131.) The staff hearing officer noted that Kaminski’s “educational achievement in the CNC program, wherein he received scores of ‘100%’ on numerous tests support [the] conclusion” that Kaminski had an “ability to work in an office setting.” Id. | 1 | 1 |
State ex rel. Diaz v. Industrial Commissiongreen2 sentences2025Comm., 88 Ohio St.3d 281, 282-283 (2000) (discussing the No. 24AP-270 20 commission’s granting of relief under R.C. 4123.522 where the claimant, who failed to appeal a district hearing officer’s order, had previously sought the continuing jurisdiction of the commission under R.C. 4123.52 and then asserted that he never received the district hearing officer’s order). {¶ 58} Notwithstanding the fact that McCormack, through counsel, filed a notice of appeal from the December 10, 2020 district hearing officer order before seeking relief under R.C. 4123.522, McCormack argues that the staff hearing 2025McCormack argues that at the hearing on the R.C. 4123.522 request, “[c]ounsel for [McCormack] asserted that he had not received the District Hearing Officer’s Order issued on [December 10, 2020].” (McCormack’s Brief at 5.) Additionally, McCormack states that “[a]n affidavit of counsel . . . filed May 4, 2021 was offered in support of this assertion” as well as “the IC-12 Appeal filed February 18, 2021 and the testimony of [McCormack].” Id. {¶ 59} Initially, it is noted that no transcript of the May 5, 2021 hearing is present in the record of this matter. | 1 | 1 |
State Ex Rel. Smith v. Industrial Commissiongreen1 sentence2025Comm., holding that R.C. 4123.57(B) does not permit an award of scheduled-loss compensation for the loss of vision or hearing when the medical evidence shows that the inability to comprehend sights or sounds results from a lack of brain function, rather than an injury to the eyes or ears. 2014-Ohio-513, ¶ 2, 18-19 . {¶ 8} Republic Steel appealed the DHO’s order awarding decedent scheduled-loss compensation, arguing that our holding in Smith applies to claims involving the bilateral upper and lower extremities when the medical evidence shows that the loss of function in those extremities is cau | 1 | 1 |
| State ex rel. Gemind v. Industrial Commissiongreen | 1 | 1 |
| State ex rel. Teece v. Industrial Commissiongreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
State ex rel. Noll v. Industrial Commission
green
2 sentences2018Comm. , 57 Ohio St.3d 203 , 567 N.E.2d 245 (1991) (in any order granting or denying benefits, the commission must specifically state what evidence has been relied upon and briefly explain its reasoning). {¶ 7} In 2011, a staff hearing officer issued a second order, again granting the VSSR application in part and denying it in part. 2008Comm. (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 203 , 205 . {¶ 19} As to claimant's subsequent position with Knight's Facility, I am unable to agree with the staff hearing officer's suggestion that because claimant is restricted to a 40-hour work week, claimant is excused from all duty to conduct a job search. | 7 | 2002–2018 |
State ex rel. Wallace v. Industrlal Commission
green
2 sentences2024The SHO determined that none of the three nonexamining physicians’ reports are evidence on which the commission could rely. {¶ 12} Specifically, the SHO found that Dr. Mareska’s and Dr. McGriff’s opinions did not comply with this court’s holding in Wallace, 57 Ohio St.2d 55 . 2007Therefore, we find Dr. Scharf's July 6, 2004 reviewing physician's report cannot constitute some evidence, as Dr. Scharf did not comply with Wallace , supra. Because the staff hearing officer relied solely upon Dr. Scharf's report in denying the requested TTD compensation, the commission's order was not based on some evidence. | 3 | 2007–2024 |
State ex rel. Pretty Products, Inc. v. Industrial Commission
green
2 sentences2015Comm., 77 Ohio St.3d 5 (1996); (2) the staff hearing officer's order does not comply with Ohio Adm.Code 4121-3-34(D)(1)(d); and (3) the commission abused its discretion in determining that relator voluntarily abandoned the workforce subsequent to her retirement. 2008Comm. (1996), 77 Ohio St.3d 5 , 670 N.E.2d 466 , need not be considered, because Schlegel had not raised it at the administrative level. {¶ 12} The court of appeals adopted the magistrate’s report in full, prompting Schlegel’s appeal as of right to this court. {¶ 13} Schlegel admits that he (1) violated the “no call — no show” rule six times in six months, resulting in two verbal warnings, (2) did not present evidence of disability, which he possessed, to either the district hearing officer or the staff hearing officer, and (3) did not raise a Pretty Prods, argument at the administrative level | 3 | 2006–2015 |
Felty v. AT&T Technologies, Inc.
green
2 sentences2007Indeed, in Afrates v. Lorain (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 22 , the court held that "[o]nly those decisions reviewable pursuant to R.C. 4123.519 [now 4123.512(A)] are those decisions *Page 7 involving a claimant's right to participate or to continue to participate in the fund." Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. {¶ 16} The court reiterated the rationale of Afrates in Felty v. AT T Tech., Inc. (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 234 , stating, "[a] decision by the commission determines the employee's right to participate if it finalizes the allowance or disallowance of an employee's `claim.' The only action by th 1998As a result, the staff hearing officer’s order involved Thomas’s extent of disability, not her right to participate, that right having already been determined. {¶ 12} We could not have been more clear in Felty when we repeatedly emphasized the limited form of judicial review of direct appeals under R.C. 4123.512: “The only decisions of the commission that may be appealed to the courts of common pleas * * * are those that are final and that resolve an employee’s right to participate or to continue to participate * * *.” (Emphasis in orginal.) Felty v. AT & T Technologies, Inc., 65 Ohio St.3d at | 3 | 1998–2007 |
Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Associates, Inc.
green
2 sentences2004Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Assoc., Inc. (1995), 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603 , 662 N.E.2d 1088 , citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. (1986), 477 U.S. 242, 247-248 , 106 S.Ct. 2505 , 91 L.Ed.2d 202 . {¶ 11} It should be noted that appellant attached copies of the staff hearing officer’s decision and the district hearing officer’s decision to the complaint and appeal in the trial court. 2004Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Assoc., Inc. (1995), 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603 , 662 N.E.2d 1088 , citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. (1986), 477 U.S. 242, 247-248 , 106 S.Ct. 2505 , 91 L.Ed.2d 202 . {¶ 11} It should be noted that appellant attached copies of the staff hearing officer’s decision and the district hearing officer’s decision to the complaint and appeal in the trial court. | 3 | 2003–2004 |
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.
green
2 sentences2004Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Assoc., Inc. (1995), 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603 , 662 N.E.2d 1088 , citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. (1986), 477 U.S. 242, 247-248 , 106 S.Ct. 2505 , 91 L.Ed.2d 202 . {¶ 11} It should be noted that appellant attached copies of the staff hearing officer’s decision and the district hearing officer’s decision to the complaint and appeal in the trial court. 2004Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon & Assoc., Inc. (1995), 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603 , 662 N.E.2d 1088 , citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. (1986), 477 U.S. 242, 247-248 , 106 S.Ct. 2505 , 91 L.Ed.2d 202 . {¶ 11} It should be noted that appellant attached copies of the staff hearing officer’s decision and the district hearing officer’s decision to the complaint and appeal in the trial court. | 3 | 2003–2004 |
State ex rel. McKee v. Union Metal Corp. (Slip Opinion)
green
2 sentences2025Kaminski asserts the staff hearing officer “failed to note that difference and take into consideration the added restriction” and also “failed to note the prior vocational rehabilitation was before his mental status was upgraded to the more severe diagnosis of major depressive disorder.” Id. {¶ 91} “The commission has broad discretion to evaluate and interpret vocational evidence.” State ex rel. 2018The staff hearing officer, however, found Klein's changed testimony was "not well taken." The commission is "exclusively responsible for evaluating the weight and credibility of the evidence." McKee , 150 Ohio St.3d 223 , 2017-Ohio-5541 , 80 N.E.3d 491 , at ¶ 10. | 2 | 2018–2025 |
State ex rel. Murray v. Industrial Commission
green
2 sentences2017Comm., 63 Ohio St.3d 473 , 588 N.E.2d 855 (1992), a claimant is precluded from receiving simultaneous benefits for permanent partial disability and permanent total disability for the same injury. {¶ 8} On reconsideration, a staff hearing officer concluded that a claimant is not barred from concurrent compensation for permanent partial disability if it is based on conditions that were not the basis for the prior finding of permanent total disability in the same claim. 2017Comm., 63 Ohio St.3d 473 , 588 N.E.2d 855 (1992), a claimant is precluded from receiving simultaneous benefits for permanent partial disability and permanent total disability for the same injury. {¶ 8} On reconsideration, a staff hearing officer concluded that a claimant is not barred from concurrent compensation for permanent partial disability if it is based on conditions that were not the basis for the prior finding of permanent total disability in the same claim. | 2 | 2016–2017 |
State ex rel. Mitchell v. Robbins & Myers, Inc.
green
2 sentences2016Mitchell v. Robbins & Myers, Inc., 6 Ohio St.3d 481 (1983) and State ex rel. 2007Mitchell v. Robbins Myers, Inc. (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 481 , that requires the Staff Hearing Office[r] to detail the facts he reviews in the case and the legal logic he uses in making a decision." (Objections, v.) Contrary to relator's contentions, the staff hearing officer complied with Mitchell in stating the evidence relied on and setting forth the legal premise for the decision. | 2 | 2007–2016 |
Spencer v. Freight Handlers, Inc.
green
2 sentences2016Spencer v. Freight Handlers, Inc., 131 Ohio St.3d 316 , 2012–Ohio– 880, 964 N.E.2d 1030 , ¶ 8; R.C. 4123.512(A) (“The appellant shall file the notice of appeal with a court of common pleas within sixty days after the date of the receipt of the order appealed from or the date of receipt of the order of the commission refusing to hear an appeal of a staff hearing officer's decision under division (D) of section 4123.511 of the Revised Code. 2014Spencer v. Freight Handlers, Inc., 131 Ohio St.3d 316 , 2012-Ohio-880 , 964 N.E.2d 1030 , ¶ 8; R.C. 4123.512(A) (“The appellant shall file Scioto App. No. 13CA3583 6 the notice of appeal with a court of common pleas within sixty days after the date of the receipt of the order appealed from or the date of receipt of the order of the commission refusing to hear an appeal of a staff hearing officer’s decision under division (D) of section 4123.511 of the Revised Code. | 2 | 2014–2016 |
State ex rel. Simpson v. Industrial Commission
green
2 sentences2001Comm. (1991), 62 O.S.3d 162 [ 580 N.E.2d 779 ], the transformation of a nonwork-preventive injury into a work-prohibitive one is changed circumstances sufficient to be considered unforeseen changed circumstances. 2001Comm. (1991), 62 O.S.3d 162 [ 580 N.E.2d 779 ], the transformation of a nonwork-preventive injury into a work-prohibitive one is changed circumstances sufficient to be considered unforeseen changed circumstances. | 2 | 2001–2001 |
State ex rel. Beyer v. Autoneum N. Am. (Slip Opinion)
green
2 sentences2026(Stip. at 80.) The staff hearing officer concluded that all of these statements gave “the impression that Dr. [Armstrong-]Murphy does not have confidence in her opinion as she does not have sufficient medical evidence to review.” Id. {¶ 54} It is well-established that “[t]he commission is the exclusive finder of fact and has the sole responsibility to evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence.” State ex rel. 2026(Stip. at 80.) The staff hearing officer concluded that all of these statements gave “the impression that Dr. [Armstrong-]Murphy does not have confidence in her opinion as she does not have sufficient medical evidence to review.” Id. {¶ 54} It is well-established that “[t]he commission is the exclusive finder of fact and has the sole responsibility to evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence.” State ex rel. | 1 | 2026–2026 |
State Ex Rel. Guthrie v. Industrial Commission
neutral
2 sentences2026After considering those factors, the staff hearing officer “[f]inally” considered “the restrictions imposed by Dr. Harris related to the allowed psychological condition,” including “routine, repetitive tasks; reduced productivity expectations; limited interaction with the public, supervisors, and co- workers.” (Stip. at 208.) Considering those restrictions to be “so significantly prohibitive,” the staff hearing officer was able to “think of no work [Storts] could perform other than work in a sheltered workshop, which is less than sedentary employment.” Id. {¶ 64} Though OneSource and the commi 2026After considering those factors, the staff hearing officer “[f]inally” considered “the restrictions imposed by Dr. Harris related to the allowed psychological condition,” including “routine, repetitive tasks; reduced productivity expectations; limited interaction with the public, supervisors, and co- workers.” (Stip. at 208.) Considering those restrictions to be “so significantly prohibitive,” the staff hearing officer was able to “think of no work [Storts] could perform other than work in a sheltered workshop, which is less than sedentary employment.” Id. {¶ 64} Though OneSource and the commi | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| State ex rel. Ryan Alternative Staffing, Inc. v. Moss (Slip Opinion) green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| Hobart v. Indus. Comm. neutral | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| State ex rel. Chrysler Corp. v. Indus. Comm. green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| State v. Indus. Comm., Unpublished Decision (12-28-2006) green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| State v. Hughes green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| State ex rel. Noll v. Indus. Comm. neutral | 1 | 2025–2025 |
State ex rel. Parrish v. Walter Randolph & Carl Fritschi
green
2 sentences2025No. 22AP-134, 2024-Ohio-1135 .” (Stip. at 106.) The staff hearing officer concluded by stating “[a]ll evidence was reviewed and considered in rendering this decision.” Id. {¶ 63} 18. 2025No. 22AP-134, 2024-Ohio-1135 .” (Stip. at 106.) The staff hearing officer concluded by stating “[a]ll evidence was reviewed and considered in rendering this decision.” Id. {¶ 63} 18. | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| State ex rel. Bales v. Indus. Comm. green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
State Ex Rel. Goodwin v. Industrial Commission
green
1 sentence2025A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” (Citation and quotation omitted.) Goodwin, 2010-Ohio-166, at ¶ 19 . | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| State ex rel. Liberty Steel Prods., Inc. v. Indus. Comm. neutral | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| State Ex Rel. Sheppard v. Industrial Commission green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| State Ex Rel. MacKey v. Ohio Department of Education neutral | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| Bennett v. Admr., Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| State ex rel. Welsh Ents., Inc. v. Indus. Comm. green | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| State ex rel. Fiber-Lite Corp. v. Industrial Commission green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| State ex rel. Elliott v. Industrial Commission green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. McCrae green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| State ex rel. Nicholls v. Industrial Commission green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| State ex rel. Sexton v. Industrial Commission neutral | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| State ex rel. Belle Tire Distribs, Inc. v. Indus. Comm. neutral | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| Clendenin v. Girl Scouts of W. Ohio neutral | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| State ex rel. Canter v. Industrial Commission neutral | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| State ex rel. Hartco, Inc. v. Industrial Commission green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| Goldberg v. Kelly green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| State ex rel. Saunders v. Metal Container Corp. green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| Gibson v. Dairy green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
| Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v. Finney green | 1 | 2017–2017 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.