Jackson v. Denno hearing (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

Jackson v. Denno hearing in Texas

90 Texas opinions name it 2 courts 1966–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (38)

CaseFollowedCited
Jackson v. Dennogreen
scotus · 1964 · cited in 29 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–2019
2 sentences

2019The Court finds that the questions permitted of Defendant Xavier Perez regarding the truth and content of the statement (State’s Exhibit No. 22) were permitted not to prove the truth of that exhibit but to assist the Court, if it did, (which it did) in testing the Defendant’s credibility as a witness for himself in the Jackson v. Denno hearing. [See 378 U.S. 368 (1964)]. 9 VI.

2015Issues for Review Issue 1 The trial court erred in “overruling” the Jackson v. Denno motion and in failing to make any finding that the statement of the accused was voluntary, and in failing to make or enter on the record any specific fact findings which would support a conclusion that the statement was voluntary. 2 RR 26 Issue 2 The trial court erred in admitting the statement of the accused into evidence before the jury over renewed objection. 4 RR 189. 8 Arguments and Authorities Under Issue 1— No Jackson v. Denno Findings The error in this case began with the court and counsel apparently c

1729
Dewberry v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 8 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2006
2 sentences

2006Jackson , 378 U.S. at 276-77, 84 S. Ct. at 1780-81; Dewberry v. State , 4 S.W.3d 735, 747 (Tex. Crim.

2005Jackson, 378 U.S. at 376-77, 84 S.Ct. at 1780-81; Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 747 (Tex.Crim.App.1999), cer t. denied, 529 U.S. 1131 , 120 S.Ct. 2008 , 146 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).

88
Lopez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1964 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1966–2005
2 sentences

1966On remand from the Supreme Court of the United States, Lopez v. State, 384 S.W.2d 345 , we incorporated the Jackson v. Denno rule and said: “In new trials arising hereunder and in future trials in this state where there is a fair question of voluntariness of a confession of the defendant, the trial judge shall grant to the defendant the opportunity to object to the use of said confession; shall grant a fair hearing before the Court on the issue of volun-tariness, and from all of the evidence and without regard to the truth or falsity of the confession, shall make a clear cut determination of t

1966On remand from the Supreme Court of the United States, Lopez v. State, 384 S.W.2d 345 , we incorporated the Jackson v. Denno rule and said: "In new trials arising hereunder and in future trials in this state where there is a fair question of voluntariness of a confession of the defendant, the trial judge shall grant to the defendant the opportunity to object to the use of said confession; shall grant a fair hearing before the Court on the issue of voluntariness and from all of the evidence and without regard to the truth or falsity of the confession, shall make a clear cut determination of the

36
Avila v. Stategreen
texapp · 1993 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Avila v. State, 856 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1993, no pet.).

2015Avila v. State, 856 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1993, no pet.).

33
Sells v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Sells v. State , 121 S.W.3d 748, 767 (Tex. Crim.

2005Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 767 (Tex. Crim.

33
Green v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1996 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2005
2 sentences

2005Dewberry , 4 S.W.3d at 747-48 ; see also Green v. State , 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex. Crim.

2002See Green v. State , 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex. Crim.

33
Doby v. Stategreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1993
2 sentences

1993We believe the course to follow in this situation is to abate the appeal and remand the case to the trial court for a Jackson v. Denno hearing and the filing of specific finding of facts supporting the trial court’s decision on voluntariness. 1 Tex.R.App.P. 81; Doby v. State, 681 S.W.2d 759, 762 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no pet.).

1988In ordering this belated Jackson v. Denno hearing, we relied on the rationale employed in Doby v. State, 681 S.W.2d 759 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no pet.) and TEX.R.APP.P. 81 as authority for entering such an order.

23
Hughes v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1978 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–1988
2 sentences

1988Hughes v. State, 562 S.W.2d 857, 863 (Tex.Crim.App.1978), cer t. denied, 439 U.S. 998 , 99 S.Ct. 604 , 58 L.Ed.2d 674 (1978); Cammon v. State, 672 S.W.2d 845, 849 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1984, no pet.). *524 At the Jackson v. Denno hearing, the two officers involved in appellant’s interrogation substantially denied appellant’s assertions above.

1988Hughes v. State, 562 S.W.2d 857, 863 (Tex.Crim.App.1978), cer t. denied, 439 U.S. 998 , 99 S.Ct. 604 , 58 L.Ed.2d 674 (1978); Cammon v. State, 672 S.W.2d 845, 849 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1984, no pet.). *524 At the Jackson v. Denno hearing, the two officers involved in appellant’s interrogation substantially denied appellant’s assertions above.

23
Martinez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2023
2 sentences

2023Martinez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 792, 797 (Tex. Crim.

2008Martinez v. State , 127 S.W.3d 792, 797 (Tex. Crim.

22
Hawkins v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1981 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1993
2 sentences

1993Miniel v. State, 831 S.W.2d 310, 315 (Tex.Crim.App.), ce rt. denied, — U.S.-, 113 S.Ct. 245 , 121 L.Ed.2d 178 (1992); Hawkins v. State, 613 S.W.2d 720, 730-731 (Tex.Crim.App.), ce rt. denied, 454 U.S. 919 , 102 S.Ct. 422 , 70 L.Ed.2d 231 (1981); Nation v. State, 762 S.W.2d 290, 292 (Tex.App.—Beaumont 1988, no pet.).

1988Hawkins v. State, 613 S.W.2d 720, 731-32 (Tex.Crim.App.1981).

22
Hawkins v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1983 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1988
2 sentences

1988Hawkins v. State, 660 S.W.2d 65, 72 (Tex.Crim.App.1983).

1986Hawkins v. State, 660 S.W.2d 65 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Kelly v. State, 621 S.W.2d 176 (Tex.Cr.App.1981).

14
English v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1980 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1982–1985
2 sentences

1985Dykes v. State, 657 S.W.2d 796 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Rumbaugh v. State, 629 S.W.2d 747 (Tex.Cr.App.1982); Moon v. State, 607 S.W.2d 569 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949, 952 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); cert. den. 449 U.S. 891 , 101 S.Ct. 254 , 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980).

1982English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949 (Tex.Cr.App.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 891 , 101 S.Ct. 254 , 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980).

13
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2014
2 sentences

2014The benchmark for evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is whether counsel’s conduct “so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686 .

2004Under Strickland v. Washington , to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the applicant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient by falling below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a probability sufficient to undermine the confidence in the outcome that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984); Bone v. State , 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim.

12
Fuller v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220, 232 (Tex. Crim.

11
State v. Ballardgreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005State v. Ballard , 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex. Crim.

11
Welex a Div. of Halliburton Co. v. Broomgreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005See Sossamon v. State , 816 S.W.2d 340, 345 (Tex. Crim.

11
Bone v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004Under Strickland v. Washington , to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the applicant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient by falling below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a probability sufficient to undermine the confidence in the outcome that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984); Bone v. State , 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim.

11
Vrettos v. United Machine Specialties Corp.green
scotus · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Williamson v. Floridagreen
scotus · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 , 117 S.Ct. 1561 , 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997); Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259 , 111 S.Ct. 2914 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1078 (1991), overruled on other grounds, Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

1999See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 , 117 S.Ct. 1561 , 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997); Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259 , 111 S.Ct. 2914 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1078 (1991), overruled on other *748 grounds, Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

11
Faust v. United Statesgreen
cafc · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Johnson v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 , 117 S.Ct. 1561 , 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997); Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259 , 111 S.Ct. 2914 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1078 (1991), overruled on other grounds, Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

1999See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 , 117 S.Ct. 1561 , 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997); Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259 , 111 S.Ct. 2914 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1078 (1991), overruled on other *748 grounds, Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

11
Bonham v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Miniel v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
Nation v. Stategreen
texapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
Brooks v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Freeman v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
Webb v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
Howie Ray Robinson v. Henry Wade, Winfield Scott, Richard Mays and Bill Shawgreen
ca5 · 1982 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Leonard O. Diaz, Jr. v. T.C. Martin, Warden, Federal Correctional Institutiongreen
ca5 · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Dunn v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Butler v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1973 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Cammon v. Stategreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Tague v. Louisianagreen
scotus · 1980 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
Myre v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
11
Valerio v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1973 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11
Nash v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1972 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11
Lego v. Twomeygreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11
Kincaid v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1973 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1973–1973
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (42)

CaseCitedYears
Imperial Distributors, Inc. v. United States green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

1985Dykes v. State, 657 S.W.2d 796 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Rumbaugh v. State, 629 S.W.2d 747 (Tex.Cr.App.1982); Moon v. State, 607 S.W.2d 569 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949, 952 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); cert. den. 449 U.S. 891 , 101 S.Ct. 254 , 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980).

1982English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949 (Tex.Cr.App.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 891 , 101 S.Ct. 254 , 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980).

31982–1985
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2015Issues for Review Issue 1 The trial court erred in “overruling” the Jackson v. Denno motion and in failing to make any finding that the statement of the accused was voluntary, and in failing to make or enter on the record any specific fact findings which would support a conclusion that the statement was voluntary. 2 RR 26 Issue 2 The trial court erred in admitting the statement of the accused into evidence before the jury over renewed objection. 4 RR 189. 8 Arguments and Authorities Under Issue 1— No Jackson v. Denno Findings The error in this case began with the court and counsel apparently c

1988However, Sergeant McMillian and another Denver officer, Detective Diaz, who took the confession, each established without contradiction at a Jackson v. Denno hearing that appellant was fully apprised of her rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), before giving them her confession.

21988–2015
North Carolina v. Butler red
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1988As noted earlier, appellant's age, background, competency, education, experience, etc., was not developed at the Jackson v. Denno hearing, so any evidence of these matters must be gleaned from other parts of the record. [13] As Butler, supra, 441 U.S. at 373-375 , 99 S.Ct. at 1757-1758 , made clear, courts must presume a defendant did not waive his rights and the prosecution's burden is great but waiver can be inferred form words and actions of the person interrogated including background, experience and conduct.

1988As noted earlier, appellant's age, background, competency, education, experience, etc., was not developed at the Jackson v. Denno hearing, so any evidence of these matters must be gleaned from other parts of the record. [13] As Butler, supra, 441 U.S. at 373-375 , 99 S.Ct. at 1757-1758 , made clear, courts must presume a defendant did not waive his rights and the prosecution's burden is great but waiver can be inferred form words and actions of the person interrogated including background, experience and conduct.

21980–1988
Edwards v. Arizona green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

1985The Court of Criminal Appeals, in its July 24, 1985, opinion, cited Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981), and Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 , 97 S.Ct. 1232 , 51 L.Ed.2d 424 (1977), which case involved the so called “Christian burial” speech.

1985The Court of Criminal Appeals, in its July 24, 1985, opinion, cited Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981), and Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 , 97 S.Ct. 1232 , 51 L.Ed.2d 424 (1977), which case involved the so called “Christian burial” speech.

21984–1985
Gigliobianco v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
1 sentence

2025Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637 , 641–42 (Tex. Crim.

12025–2025
Jackson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1994
1 sentence

2014Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771 . 16 Appellant alleged that trial counsel was ineffective at the Jackson v. Denno hearing because he did not challenge the State’s evidence on voluntariness, including whether Appellant received Miranda warnings and whether Appellant’s level of intoxication vitiated any consent or any waiver of his Miranda rights.

12014–2014
Oursbourn v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
1 sentence

2014That omitted instruction therefore became “law of the 12 Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159 , 173–74 (Tex. Crim.

12014–2014
Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Laney green
scotus · 2000
2 sentences

2005Jackson, 378 U.S. at 376-77, 84 S.Ct. at 1780-81; Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 747 (Tex. Crim.App.1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1131 , 120 S.Ct. 2008 , 146 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).

2005Jackson, 378 U.S. at 376-77, 84 S.Ct. at 1780-81; Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 747 (Tex.Crim.App.1999), cer t. denied, 529 U.S. 1131 , 120 S.Ct. 2008 , 146 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).

12005–2005
Dewberry v. Texas green
scotus · 2000
2 sentences

2005Jackson, 378 U.S. at 376-77, 84 S.Ct. at 1780-81; Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 747 (Tex. Crim.App.1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1131 , 120 S.Ct. 2008 , 146 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).

2005Jackson, 378 U.S. at 376-77, 84 S.Ct. at 1780-81; Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 747 (Tex.Crim.App.1999), cer t. denied, 529 U.S. 1131 , 120 S.Ct. 2008 , 146 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).

12005–2005
Bass v. State green
texcrimapp · 1982
2 sentences

2000Id. at 771 .

2000Id. at 771 .

12000–2000
Nunez v. Costello green
scotus · 1991
11999–1999
Heitman v. State green
texcrimapp · 1991
2 sentences

1999See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 , 117 S.Ct. 1561 , 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997); Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259 , 111 S.Ct. 2914 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1078 (1991), overruled on other grounds, Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

1999See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98-99 (Tex.Crim.App.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 , 117 S.Ct. 1561 , 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997); Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1259 , 111 S.Ct. 2914 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1078 (1991), overruled on other *748 grounds, Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

11999–1999
Barney v. State green
texcrimapp · 1985
11993–1993
Hawkins v. Texas green
scotus · 1981
11993–1993
Johnson v. Virginia green
scotus · 1981
11993–1993
Miller v. Plantier green
scotus · 1992
11993–1993
Hearn v. State green
texcrimapp · 1967
11989–1989
Burdine v. State green
texcrimapp · 1986
11989–1989
Lamb v. State green
texcrimapp · 1984
11988–1988
Coleco Industries, Inc. v. Berman green
scotus · 1978
11988–1988
Smith v. Bordenkircher green
scotus · 1984
11988–1988
Shaw v. Neece green
scotus · 1984
11988–1988
Fullard v. Florida green
scotus · 1984
11988–1988
Aranda v. State green
texcrimapp · 1974
11987–1987
White v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
11987–1987
Kelly v. State green
texcrimapp · 1981
11986–1986
Johnson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1985
11986–1986
Dykes v. State green
texcrimapp · 1983
11985–1985
Moon v. State green
texcrimapp · 1980
11985–1985
Brewer v. Williams green
scotus · 1977
11985–1985
Rumbaugh v. State green
texcrimapp · 1982
11985–1985
Simmons v. United States green
scotus · 1968
11984–1984
Stone v. State green
texcrimapp · 1981
11984–1984
Madden v. State green
texapp · 1982
11983–1983
Madden v. State green
texcrimapp · 1983
11983–1983
Hobson v. State green
texapp · 1982
11983–1983
Page v. State green
texcrimapp · 1981
11982–1982
Watkins v. Sowders green
scotus · 1981
11982–1982
Alonzo v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
11980–1980
Fare v. Michael C. green
scotus · 1979
11980–1980

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (10) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.03 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.021 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

GA 155 (1974–2018) TX 90 (1966–2025) KS 46 (1969–2025) OK 25 (1973–2022) SC 20 (1992–2021) NE 14 (1974–2022) PA 5 (1968–1981) CO 2 (1971–1976) FL 2 (1974–1989) MO 2 (1972–1973) NY 2 (1965–1965) CA 2 (1979–1987)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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