deficiency prejudiced defense (Mississippi) · Go Syfert
← Mississippi issues

deficiency prejudiced defense in Mississippi

429 Mississippi opinions name it 2 courts 1991–2026 30 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Mississippi courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (70)

CaseFollowedCited
Stringer v. Stategreen
miss · 1984 · cited in 24 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1995–2017
2 sentences

2017"In order to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, [Lloyd] must satisfy the two-pronged test set forth in Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 , 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Mississippi Supreme Court in Stringer v. State , 454 So.2d 468 , 476-77 (Miss. 1984)." Goldsmith , 195 So.3d at 215 (¶ 43). "[Lloyd] must demonstrate: (1) counsel's performance was deficient and (2) that the deficiency prejudiced the defense." Id. at 215-16 (¶ 43) (citation omitted).

2005See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064-65 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674, 693-95 (1984) (requiring appellant to prove: (1) that his counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) that this alleged deficiency prejudiced his defense); Stringer v. State, 454 So.2d 468, 476-77 (Miss.1984) (where this Court adopted the standard set forth in Strickland ).

2024
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 367 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1991–2026
2 sentences

2025To make a successful ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Phillips must make two showings: “(1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Ashford, 233 So. 3d at 779 (citing Puckett v. State, 879 So. 2d 920, 935 (Miss. 2004) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 , 104 S. Ct. 2052 , 80 L.

2025To make a successful ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Phillips must make two showings: “(1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Ashford, 233 So. 3d at 779 (citing Puckett v. State, 879 So. 2d 920, 935 (Miss. 2004) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 , 104 S. Ct. 2052 , 80 L.

19367
Liddell v. Stategreen
miss · 2009 · cited in 13 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2018
2 sentences

2018Liddell v. State , 7 So.3d 217 , 219 (¶ 6) (Miss. 2009) (quoting Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 , 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) ).

2017Liddell v. State, 7 So.3d 217, 219 (¶ 6) (Miss. 2009) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)).

1213
Eakes v. Stategreen
miss · 1995 · cited in 12 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1997–2000
2 sentences

2000“The burden to demonstrate both prongs is on the defendant who faces a strong presumption that counsel’s performance falls within the broad spectrum of reasonable professional assistance.” Bakes v. State, 665 So.2d 852, 872-73 (Miss.1995).

2000"The burden to demonstrate both prongs is on the defendant who faces a strong presumption that counsel's performance falls within the broad spectrum of reasonable professional assistance." Eakes v. State , 665 So.2d 852 , 872-73 (Miss. 1995). ¶ 4.

1112
Puckett v. Stategreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 8 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2008–2025
2 sentences

2025To make a successful ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Phillips must make two showings: “(1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Ashford, 233 So. 3d at 779 (citing Puckett v. State, 879 So. 2d 920, 935 (Miss. 2004) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 , 104 S. Ct. 2052 , 80 L.

2025“To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the defendant must show that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Ashford v. State, 233 So. 3d 765, 779 (Miss. 2017) (citing Puckett v. State, 879 So. 2d 920, 935 (Miss. 2004)).

88
Burns v. Stategreen
miss · 2001 · cited in 7 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2023
2 sentences

2023To prevail on a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel, “[a] defendant must demonstrate that [her] counsel’s performance was [(1)] deficient and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Burnside v. State, 882 So. 2d 212, 216 (¶20) (Miss. 2004) (quoting Burns v. State, 813 So. 2d 668, 673 (¶14) (Miss. 2001)).

2023Again, to prevail on a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel, “[a] defendant must demonstrate that his counsel’s performance was [(1)] deficient and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Burnside, 882 So. 2d at 216 (¶20) (quoting Burns, 813 So. 2d at 673 (¶14)).

77
McQuarter v. Stategreen
miss · 1990 · cited in 6 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2012
2 sentences

2012“The burden of proof rests on [the defendant] to show both prongs.” Id. (citing McQuarter v. State, 574 So.2d 685, 687 (Miss.1990)).

2012The defendant bears the burden of proof “to show both prongs.” Tucker, 60 So.3d at 223 (¶ 7) (citing McQuatter v. State, 574 So.2d 685, 687 (Miss.1990)). ¶ 24.

66
Ransom v. Stategreen
miss · 2005 · cited in 5 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2024
2 sentences

2024Under the two-part test in Strickland, “[t]he defendant must demonstrate [(1)] that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Ransom v. State, 919 So. 2d 887, 889 (¶12) (Miss. 2005).

2024“The defendant must demonstrate [(1)] that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Id. (quoting Ransom v. State, 919 So. 2d 887, 889 (¶12) (Miss. 2005)).

55
Goff v. Stategreen
miss · 2009 · cited in 5 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2012–2022
2 sentences

2022To prevail on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Ellis must show “(1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that this alleged deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Thompson v. State, 119 So. 3d 1007, 1009 (¶5) (Miss. 2013) (quoting Goff v. State, 6 14 So. 3d 625, 655 (¶121) (Miss. 2009)). “[A] rebuttable presumption [exists] that trial counsel is competent and his performance was not deficient.” Id.

2022To prevail on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Ellis must show “(1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that this alleged deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Thompson v. State, 119 So. 3d 1007, 1009 (¶5) (Miss. 2013) (quoting Goff v. State, 6 14 So. 3d 625, 655 (¶121) (Miss. 2009)). “[A] rebuttable presumption [exists] that trial counsel is competent and his performance was not deficient.” Id.

55
Kelvin D. Ashford v. State of Mississippigreen
miss · 2017 · cited in 6 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025
2 sentences

2025To make a successful ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Phillips must make two showings: “(1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Ashford, 233 So. 3d at 779 (citing Puckett v. State, 879 So. 2d 920, 935 (Miss. 2004) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 , 104 S. Ct. 2052 , 80 L.

2025“To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the defendant must show that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Ashford v. State, 233 So. 3d 765, 779 (Miss. 2017) (citing Puckett v. State, 879 So. 2d 920, 935 (Miss. 2004)).

46
Burnside v. Stategreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2010–2023
2 sentences

2023To prevail on a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel, “[a] defendant must demonstrate that [her] counsel’s performance was [(1)] deficient and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Burnside v. State, 882 So. 2d 212, 216 (¶20) (Miss. 2004) (quoting Burns v. State, 813 So. 2d 668, 673 (¶14) (Miss. 2001)).

2023Again, to prevail on a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel, “[a] defendant must demonstrate that his counsel’s performance was [(1)] deficient and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Burnside, 882 So. 2d at 216 (¶20) (quoting Burns, 813 So. 2d at 673 (¶14)).

44
Thompson v. Stategreen
miss · 2013 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2020–2022
2 sentences

2022To prevail on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Ellis must show “(1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that this alleged deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Thompson v. State, 119 So. 3d 1007, 1009 (¶5) (Miss. 2013) (quoting Goff v. State, 6 14 So. 3d 625, 655 (¶121) (Miss. 2009)). “[A] rebuttable presumption [exists] that trial counsel is competent and his performance was not deficient.” Id.

2020“In order to prevail on a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, [Russell] must show: ‘(1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that this alleged deficiency prejudiced his defense.’” Thompson v. State, 119 So. 3d 1007, 1009 (¶5) (Miss. 2013) (quoting Goff v. State, 14 So. 3d 625, 655 (¶121) (Miss. 2009)).

44
Lindsay v. Stategreen
miss · 1998 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2009
2 sentences

2009Lindsay v. State, 720 So.2d 182, 184 (Miss.1998) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 693-95 ).

2009Lindsay v. State, 720 So.2d 182, 184 (Miss.1998) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 693-95 ).

44
Tony Swinney v. State of Mississippigreen
miss · 2018 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025
2 sentences

2025There is a strong presumption that “counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and the challenged act or omission might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. (quoting Swinney v. State, 241 So. 3d 599, 613 (¶60) 12 (Miss. 2018)).

2020To make a successful ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Willis must show that “(1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Id. at (¶31) (quoting Ashford v. State, 233 So. 3d 765, 779 (¶50) (Miss. 2017)).

33
Davis v. Stategreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2025
2 sentences

2025“To establish deficient performance, a defendant must show his attorney’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Ross [v. State], 954 So. 2d [968], 1003 [(Miss. 2007)] (citing Davis v. State, 897 So. 2d 960, 967 (Miss. 2004)).

2024“To establish deficient performance, a defendant must show his attorney’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Ross, 954 So. 2d at 1003 (citing Davis v. State, 897 So. 2d 960, 967 (Miss. 2004)).

33
Donald Bell v. State of Mississippigreen
miss · 2016 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2025
2 sentences

2025“To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the defendant must show that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Bell v. State, 202 So. 3d 1239, 1242 (¶12) (Miss. 2016) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984)).

2022“To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the defendant must show that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Bell v. State, 202 So. 3d 1239, 1242 (¶11) (Miss. 2016) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984)).

33
Harrell v. Stategreen
miss · 2007 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2024
2 sentences

2023The second prong has also been stated as requiring a showing “that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Harrell v. State, 947 So. 2d 309, 313 (¶10) (Miss. 2007).

2007To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, he "must demonstrate that his counsel's performance was deficient, and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case." Harrell v. State, 947 So.2d 309, 313 (¶ 10) (Miss.2007) (quoting Ransom v. State, 919 So.2d 887, 889 (¶ 12) (Miss.2005)).

33
Braggs v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2013 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2016–2017
2 sentences

2017Braggs v. State, 121 So.3d 269, 272 (¶ 9) (Miss.

2017Braggs v. State, 121 So. 3d 269, 272 (¶9) (Miss.

33
Collins v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2014–2016
2 sentences

2016We recognize that in order “[t]o prove ineffective assistance of counsel, [the defendant] must show that: (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Collins v. State, 70 So. 3d 1144, 1147 (¶16) (Miss.

2016We, recognize that in order “[t]o prove ineffective assistance of counsel, [the defendant] must show that: (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) this deficiency prejudiced his defense.” Collins v. State, 70 So.3d 1144, 1147 (¶ 16) (Miss.Ct.App.2011); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

33
Carr v. Stategreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2011
2 sentences

2011Irby v. State, 893 So.2d 1042, 1048 (¶ 25) (Miss.2004) (citing Carr v. State, 873 So.2d 991, 1003 (1127) (Miss.2004)).

2004Carr v. State, 873 So.2d 991, 1003 (Miss.2004); Walker v. State, 863 So.2d 1, 12 (Miss.2003) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064 ).

33
Foster v. Stategreen
miss · 1996 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2007
2 sentences

2007Prejudice to the defense of the case occurs when there is "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Ransom, 919 So.2d at 890 (¶ 12) (quoting Foster v. State, 687 So.2d 1124, 1129-30 (Miss.1996)).

1999The United States Supreme Court established a two-pronged test to determine whether counsel was effective: "The defendant must demonstrate that his counsel's performance was deficient," and "that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 . ¶ 37. "[D]efense counsel is presumed competent." Foster v. State, 687 So.2d 1124, 1130 (Miss.1996).

33
Sharp v. Stategreen
miss · 2001 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2001–2004
2 sentences

2003"To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the client must prove that his counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case." Sharp v. State, 786 So.2d 372, 374 (¶ 25) (Miss.2001) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)).

2001"To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the client must prove that his counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case." Sharp v. State, 786 So.2d 372, 382 (Miss.2001).

33
Washington v. Stategreen
miss · 1993 · cited in 25 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1991–2015
2 sentences

2015Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S. Ct. at 2064 ; Washington v. State, 620 So. 2d 966 (Miss.1993).

2015Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064 ; Washington v. State, 620 So.2d 966 (Miss.1993).

225
Mohr v. Stategreen
miss · 1991 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2021–2024
2 sentences

2024“To determine the second prong . . . , the standard is ‘a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Harrell v. State, 947 So. 2d 309, 313 (¶11) (Miss. 2007) (quoting Mohr v. State, 584 So. 2d 426, 430 (Miss.1991)).

2021The prejudice required by the second prong is “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Mohr v. State, 584 So. 2d 426, 430 (Miss. 1991)).

22
Rubin Renfrow v. State of Mississippigreen
missctapp · 2016 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2018–2023
2 sentences

2023The burden of proof rests with the defendant to prove both prongs.” Id. at (¶36) (quoting Renfrow v. State, 202 So. 3d 633, 636 (¶7) (Miss.

2018Renfrow , 202 So.3d at 636 (¶ 7). ¶ 16.

22
Brown v. Stategreen
miss · 2001 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
22
Williams v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2013 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2016–2017
22
Ellis v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2013
22
Thomas v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2013
22
Colenburg v. Stategreen
missctapp · 1999 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2013
22
Walker v. Stategreen
miss · 2003 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2004
22
Gary v. Stategreen
miss · 2000 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2001
22
Johnson v. Stategreen
miss · 2009 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2012–2023
2 sentences

2023Cronic identified three circumstances that are so likely to prejudice the accused that prejudice is presumed: “(1) when counsel is completely denied; (2) when counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing; (3) and when counsel is called upon to render assistance under circumstances where competent counsel very likely could not.” Johnson v. State, 29 So. 3d 738, 748 (Miss. 2009) (citing Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659–60); see also Garza v. Idaho, 139 S. Ct. 738, 744 (2019) (stating that prejudice is presumed “if the accused is denied counsel at a critical s

2018For an ineffective-assistance claim, the context of counsel's actions are carefully reviewed, and "where reasonable under the circumstances, we presume the 'decisions were sound trial strategy.' " Sea v. State , 49 So.3d 614 , 617 (¶ 12) (Miss. 2010) (quoting Johnson v. State , 29 So.3d 738 , 745 (¶ 20) (Miss. 2009) ).

14
Ross v. Stategreen
miss · 2007 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2024
2 sentences

2024“To establish deficient performance, a defendant must show his attorney’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Ross, 954 So. 2d at 1003 (citing Davis v. State, 897 So. 2d 960, 967 (Miss. 2004)).

2007Jones must show "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the trial would have been different." Ross v. State, 954 So.2d 968, 1004-05 (¶ 78) (Miss.2007) (citing Davis v. State, 897 So.2d 960, 967 (¶ 16) (Miss.2004)).

12
Florida v. Nixongreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023“Cronic recognized a narrow exception to Strickland’s holding that a defendant who asserts ineffective assistance of counsel must demonstrate not only that his attorney’s performance was deficient, but also that the deficiency prejudiced the defense.” Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 190 , 125 S. Ct. 551 , 160 L.

2023“Cronic recognized a narrow exception to Strickland’s holding that a defendant who asserts ineffective assistance of counsel must demonstrate not only that his attorney’s performance was deficient, but also that the deficiency prejudiced the defense.” Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 190 , 125 S. Ct. 551 , 160 L.

12
Jackson v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2015–2017
12
Coleman v. Stategreen
miss · 1986 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2010–2013
12
Watts v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
12
Correy James Dartez v. State of Mississippigreen
miss · 2015 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
United States v. Cronicgreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Mississippi. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (10)

CaseCitedYears
Byrom v. State green
miss · 2006
2 sentences

2024“The defendant must demonstrate [(1)] that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Id. (quoting Ransom v. State, 919 So. 2d 887, 889 (¶12) (Miss. 2005)).

2023“The defendant must demonstrate [(1)] that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and [(2)] that the deficiency prejudiced the defense of the case.” Id. (quoting Ransom v. State, 919 So. 2d 887, 889 (Miss. 2005)).

32021–2024
Doss v. State green
miss · 2009
2 sentences

2019Second, if deficient performance is shown, petitioners must show that the deficiency prejudiced their defense, i.e., "counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable." Doss , 19 So.3d at 695 (quoting Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 ).

2019Second, if deficient performance is shown, petitioners must show that the deficiency prejudiced their defense, i.e., “counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Doss, 19 So. 3d at 695 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 ).

22019–2024
Sea v. State green
miss · 2010
22018–2018
Deloach v. State green
missctapp · 2006
22017–2017
Wrenn v. State green
missctapp · 2001
22010–2010
McCaleb v. State green
missctapp · 1999
21999–2001
Wilcher v. State green
miss · 2003
12017–2017
Tyler v. State green
miss · 2009
12014–2014
Burrough v. State green
miss · 2009
12013–2013
Edwards v. State green
miss · 1993
12010–2010

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-21 (83) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19 (56) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101 (48) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105 (32) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-79 (30) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-11 (26) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-9 (25) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-1 (23) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-23 (22) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-7 (20) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-95 (18) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-5 (15)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TN 604 (1987–2026) MS 429 (1991–2026) GA 271 (1985–2025) TX 168 (1990–2026) WI 99 (1990–2026) CA 59 (1995–2026) MO 35 (1988–2025) FL 27 (2000–2025) NJ 26 (2018–2026) IL 25 (1989–2024) WA 16 (2003–2021) OH 14 (2004–2026) NM 10 (2002–2024) LA 10 (1987–2025) KY 7 (2021–2025) MT 5 (2013–2024) OK 5 (1987–2004) ID 4 (1994–2019) NC 4 (2005–2025) DC 4 (1992–2021) SC 4 (1989–2025) MD 4 (1999–2003) AR 4 (2021–2025) VA 3 (1986–2006) NV 3 (1992–2016) MN 3 (2011–2015) PA 3 (1986–1987) WY 2 (1987–2005) AL 2 (2001–2005)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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