seminal test in Pennsylvania

9 Pennsylvania opinions name it 3 courts 1984–2019 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

Case	Followed	Cited
Commonwealth v. Leskogreen pa · 2011 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019 2 sentences 2019See Commonwealth v. Lesko, 609 Pa. 128 , 15 A.3d 345, 363 (2011) (citing Butler v. McKellar, 494 U.S. 407 , 110 S.Ct. 1212 , 108 L.Ed.2d 347 (1990)). 2019See Commonwealth v. Lesko, 609 Pa. 128 , 15 A.3d 345, 363 (2011) (citing Butler v. McKellar, 494 U.S. 407 , 110 S.Ct. 1212 , 108 L.Ed.2d 347 (1990)).	5	5
Butler v. McKellargreen scotus · 1990 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019 2 sentences 2019See Commonwealth v. Lesko, 609 Pa. 128 , 15 A.3d 345, 363 (2011) (citing Butler v. McKellar, 494 U.S. 407 , 110 S.Ct. 1212 , 108 L.Ed.2d 347 (1990)). 2019See Commonwealth v. Lesko, 609 Pa. 128 , 15 A.3d 345, 363 (2011) (citing Butler v. McKellar, 494 U.S. 407 , 110 S.Ct. 1212 , 108 L.Ed.2d 347 (1990)).	4	4
Commonwealth v. Abdul-Salaamgreen pa · 2002 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019The Pennsylvania Supreme Court expressly has stated “that the language ‘has been held’ in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii) means that a retroactivity determination must exist at the time that the petition is filed.” Commonwealth v. Abdul-Salaam, 812 A.2d 497, 502 (Pa. 2002).5 Moreover, as this Court has explained: The seminal test in determining whether a constitutional rule warrants retroactive application during collateral review was delineated in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 , 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989) (plurality), which was subsequently adopted by a majority of the Supreme Court.	1	1
United States v. Mendenhallgreen scotus · 1980 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Accord id. (explaining that, "[i]n evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject's movement has in some way been restrained" (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 , 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 , 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality))). [1] The suppression court then indicated that its decision was controlled by Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 794 A.2d 398 (Pa.Super.2002) (holding that police had undertaken an investigative detention upon confronting an occupant of a parked van). 2012Accord id. (explaining that, "[i]n evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject's movement has in some way been restrained" (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 , 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 , 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality))). [1] The suppression court then indicated that its decision was controlled by Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 794 A.2d 398 (Pa.Super.2002) (holding that police had undertaken an investigative detention upon confronting an occupant of a parked van).	1	1
Commonwealth v. Stricklergreen pa · 2000 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Accord id. (explaining that, “[i]n evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject’s movement has in some way been restrained” (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 , 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 , 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality))). 1 The suppression court then indicated that its decision was controlled by Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 794 A.2d 398 (Pa.Super.2002) (holding that police had undertaken an investigative detention upon confronting an occupant of a parked van). 2012Accord id. (explaining that, "[i]n evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject's movement has in some way been restrained" (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 , 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 , 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality))). [1] The suppression court then indicated that its decision was controlled by Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 794 A.2d 398 (Pa.Super.2002) (holding that police had undertaken an investigative detention upon confronting an occupant of a parked van).	1	1
Commonwealth v. Mulhollandgreen pasuperct · 2002 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012Accord id. (explaining that, “[i]n evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject’s movement has in some way been restrained” (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 , 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 , 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality))). 1 The suppression court then indicated that its decision was controlled by Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 794 A.2d 398 (Pa.Super.2002) (holding that police had undertaken an investigative detention upon confronting an occupant of a parked van). 2012Accord id. (explaining that, "[i]n evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject's movement has in some way been restrained" (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 , 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877 , 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality))). [1] The suppression court then indicated that its decision was controlled by Commonwealth v. Mulholland, 794 A.2d 398 (Pa.Super.2002) (holding that police had undertaken an investigative detention upon confronting an occupant of a parked van).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (12)

Case	Cited	Years
Teague v. Lane green scotus · 1989 2 sentences 2019The Pennsylvania Supreme Court expressly has stated “that the language ‘has been held’ in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii) means that a retroactivity determination must exist at the time that the petition is filed.” Commonwealth v. Abdul-Salaam, 812 A.2d 497, 502 (Pa. 2002).5 Moreover, as this Court has explained: The seminal test in determining whether a constitutional rule warrants retroactive application during collateral review was delineated in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 , 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989) (plurality), which was subsequently adopted by a majority of the Supreme Court. 2019The Pennsylvania Supreme Court expressly has stated “that the language ‘has been held’ in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii) means that a retroactivity determination must exist at the time that the petition is filed.” Commonwealth v. Abdul-Salaam, 812 A.2d 497, 502 (Pa. 2002).5 Moreover, as this Court has explained: The seminal test in determining whether a constitutional rule warrants retroactive application during collateral review was delineated in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 , 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989) (plurality), which was subsequently adopted by a majority of the Supreme Court.	6	2015–2019
West Penn Specialty MSO, Inc. v. Nolan green pasuperct · 1999 1 sentence 2001West Penn Specialty MSO Inc. v. Nolan, 737 A.2d 295 (Pa. Super. 1999) and New Castle Orthopedic Associates v. Burns, 481 Pa. 460 , 392 A.2d 1383 (1978), together with Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio, 414 Pa. Super. 85 , 606 A.2d 509 (1992), app. denied, 536 Pa. 625 , 637 A.2d 285 (1993), provide the seminal analysis in the enforcement of noncompete clauses in health provider employment contracts.	1	2001–2001
Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio green pasuperct · 1992 2 sentences 2001West Penn Specialty MSO Inc. v. Nolan, 737 A.2d 295 (Pa. Super. 1999) and New Castle Orthopedic Associates v. Burns, 481 Pa. 460 , 392 A.2d 1383 (1978), together with Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio, 414 Pa. Super. 85 , 606 A.2d 509 (1992), app. denied, 536 Pa. 625 , 637 A.2d 285 (1993), provide the seminal analysis in the enforcement of noncompete clauses in health provider employment contracts. 2001West Penn Specialty MSO Inc. v. Nolan, 737 A.2d 295 (Pa. Super. 1999) and New Castle Orthopedic Associates v. Burns, 481 Pa. 460 , 392 A.2d 1383 (1978), together with Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio, 414 Pa. Super. 85 , 606 A.2d 509 (1992), app. denied, 536 Pa. 625 , 637 A.2d 285 (1993), provide the seminal analysis in the enforcement of noncompete clauses in health provider employment contracts.	1	2001–2001
New Castle Orthopedic Associates v. Burns green pa · 1978 2 sentences 2001West Penn Specialty MSO Inc. v. Nolan, 737 A.2d 295 (Pa. Super. 1999) and New Castle Orthopedic Associates v. Burns, 481 Pa. 460 , 392 A.2d 1383 (1978), together with Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio, 414 Pa. Super. 85 , 606 A.2d 509 (1992), app. denied, 536 Pa. 625 , 637 A.2d 285 (1993), provide the seminal analysis in the enforcement of noncompete clauses in health provider employment contracts. 2001West Penn Specialty MSO Inc. v. Nolan, 737 A.2d 295 (Pa. Super. 1999) and New Castle Orthopedic Associates v. Burns, 481 Pa. 460 , 392 A.2d 1383 (1978), together with Geisinger Clinic v. Di Cuccio, 414 Pa. Super. 85 , 606 A.2d 509 (1992), app. denied, 536 Pa. 625 , 637 A.2d 285 (1993), provide the seminal analysis in the enforcement of noncompete clauses in health provider employment contracts.	1	2001–2001
Commonwealth v. Upsher green pa · 1982 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. Roman green pa · 1981 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. Miller green pa · 1981 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. D'Ambro green pa · 1983 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. Smallwood green pa · 1982 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. Butler green pa · 1981 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. Jones green pa · 1981 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984
Commonwealth v. Johnson green pa · 1981 2 sentences 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981). 1984Commonwealth v. D’Ambro, 500 Pa. 303 , 456 A.2d 140 (1983); Commonwealth v. Upsher, 497 Pa. 621 , 444 A.2d 90 (1982); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476 , 442 A.2d 222 (1982); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 496 Pa. 546 , 437 A.2d 1175 (1981); Commonwealth v. Jones, 496 Pa. 448 , 437 A.2d 958 (1981); Commonwealth v. Butler, 495 Pa. 82 , 432 A.2d 590 (1981); Commonwealth v. Roman, 494 Pa. 440 , 431 A.2d 936 (1981); Commonwealth v. Miller, 494 Pa. 229 , 431 A.2d 233 (1981).	1	1984–1984

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9545 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 12 (2006–2025) PA 9 (1984–2019) CA 6 (1975–2023) MO 6 (2003–2016) NY 3 (1978–2003) NJ 3 (2024–2026) LA 3 (1999–1999) MD 3 (1997–2001) DC 3 (1991–2000) DE 3 (1989–2000) OH 2 (2000–2022) IL 2 (1988–2019) AZ 2 (2008–2022) CT 2 (1999–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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