Gardner claim in Pennsylvania

8 Pennsylvania opinions name it 3 courts 1973–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (5)

Case	Followed	Cited
People v. Sakariasgreen cal · 2000 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015The defendant in Gray , on the other hand, “had the opportunity to hear the testimony of [the two surprise witnesses] in open court, and to cross-examine them.” Id.; cf. People v. Sakarias, 22 Cal.4th 596 , 94 Cal.Rptr.2d 17 , 995 P.2d 152, 185-86 (2000) (denying relief on a Gardner claim where the sentencing court possessed secret information but did not expressly use it in its sentencing decision). 2015The defendant in Gray , on the other hand, “had the opportunity to hear the testimony of [the two surprise witnesses] in open court, and to cross-examine them.” Id.; cf. People v. Sakarias, 22 Cal.4th 596 , 94 Cal.Rptr.2d 17 , 995 P.2d 152, 185-86 (2000) (denying relief on a Gardner claim where the sentencing court possessed secret information but did not expressly use it in its sentencing decision).	2	2
Commonwealth v. Spotz, M., Aplt.green pa · 2017 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024 1 sentence 2024(Footnote Continued Next Page) -5- J-S27002-24 “The PCRA petitioner bears the burden of proving the applicability of one of the exceptions.” Commonwealth v. Spotz, 171 A.3d 675, 678 (Pa. 2017).	1	1
Commonwealth v. Florgreen pa · 2010 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 1 sentence 2016We emphasize that “the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence, and credibility determinations rest solely within the purview of the fact-finder.” Commonwealth v. Flor, 998 A.2d 606, 626 (Pa. 2010).	1	1
Ducaji v. Dennisgreen pa · 1995 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997See Ducjai, supra at 107-11 , 656 A.2d at 104-05 ; Alston, supra at 267 , 612 A.2d at 424 ; Hackenberg, supra at 368-69 , 586 A.2d at 884 . 1997See Ducjai, supra at 107-11 , 656 A.2d at 104-05 ; Alston, supra at 267 , 612 A.2d at 424 ; Hackenberg, supra at 368-69 , 586 A.2d at 884 .	1	1
Kanai v. Sowagreen pasuperct · 1933 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1973–1973 2 sentences 1973Kanai v. Sowa, 109 Pa. Superior Ct. 426, 428 , 167 A. 429, 430 (1933). 1973Kanai v. Sowa, 109 Pa. Superior Ct. 426, 428 , 167 A. 429, 430 (1933).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (5)

Case	Cited	Years
Gray v. Netherland green scotus · 1996 2 sentences 2015In Gray v. Netherlands 518 U.S. 152 , 116 S.Ct. 2074 , 135 L.Ed.2d 457 (1996), for example, the Court rejected a Gardner claim where two surprise witnesses testified at the penalty phase and the defendant had an opportunity to cross-examine them. 2015In Gray v. Netherlands 518 U.S. 152 , 116 S.Ct. 2074 , 135 L.Ed.2d 457 (1996), for example, the Court rejected a Gardner claim where two surprise witnesses testified at the penalty phase and the defendant had an opportunity to cross-examine them.	2	2015–2015
Simko v. County of Allegheny green pacommwct · 2005 1 sentence 2010Relying on this Gardner principle, this Court held in both Simko [v. County of Allegheny, 869 A.2d 571 (2005)] and Fagan [v. Department of Transportation, 946 A.2d 1128 (2008)] that because there is no duty to erect a guardrail in the first place, there is no duty to design it in a particular way.	1	2010–2010
Hackenberg v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority green pa · 1991 2 sentences 1997See Ducjai, supra at 107-11 , 656 A.2d at 104-05 ; Alston, supra at 267 , 612 A.2d at 424 ; Hackenberg, supra at 368-69 , 586 A.2d at 884 . 1997See Ducjai, supra at 107-11 , 656 A.2d at 104-05 ; Alston, supra at 267 , 612 A.2d at 424 ; Hackenberg, supra at 368-69 , 586 A.2d at 884 .	1	1997–1997
Alston v. St. Paul Insurance Companies green pa · 1992 2 sentences 1997See Ducjai, supra at 107-11 , 656 A.2d at 104-05 ; Alston, supra at 267 , 612 A.2d at 424 ; Hackenberg, supra at 368-69 , 586 A.2d at 884 . 1997See Ducjai, supra at 107-11 , 656 A.2d at 104-05 ; Alston, supra at 267 , 612 A.2d at 424 ; Hackenberg, supra at 368-69 , 586 A.2d at 884 .	1	1997–1997
Commonwealth v. Gardner green pasuperct · 1977 2 sentences 1979Id., 246 Pa.Super. at 589-91 , 371 A.2d at 990 . 1979Id., 246 Pa.Super. at 589-91 , 371 A.2d at 990 .	1	1979–1979

Where else courts name it

FL 17 (1980–2016) WA 11 (1938–2016) VT 10 (1983–2016) TX 10 (1978–2015) PA 8 (1973–2024) NC 7 (1986–2010) MS 7 (1988–2026) MI 5 (1989–2018) NY 5 (1991–2022) OH 4 (2005–2023) UT 4 (1994–2019) AL 3 (2001–2004) ME 2 (1986–2013) IL 2 (2009–2019) IN 2 (2005–2013) KS 2 (2019–2020) CA 2 (1947–1979) AR 2 (2015–2022) GA 2 (2003–2020) DC 2 (2016–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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