290 New York opinions name it 21 courts 1966–2026 51 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
People v. Mendozagreen2 sentences2024In the absence of a showing by the district attorney that the Mapp motion is not grounded in the same facts and witnesses as the Dunaway motion, judicial economy favors granting the Mapp hearing ( see id. at 429—430). 2024This Mapp motion appears to be "grounded in the same facts involving the same police witnesses" as the Dunaway hearing previously consented to by the district attorney ( People v Mendoza , 82 NY2d 415, 429 [1993]). | 18 | 30 |
People v. Berriosgreen2 sentences2024Turning to the issue of suppression, the Presentment Agency has the initial burden at a Mapp hearing of showing, by credible evidence, the lawfulness of the police conduct ( People v Ramirez-Portoreal , 88 NY2d 99 [1996]; People v Berrios , 28 NY2d 361, 367 [1971]; People v Hernandez , 40 AD3d 777, 778 [2d Dept. 2007]). 2024Turning to the issue of suppression, the Presentment Agency has the initial burden at a Mapp hearing of showing, by credible evidence, the lawfulness of the police conduct ( People v Ramirez-Portoreal , 88 NY2d 99 [1996]; People v Berrios , 28 NY2d 361, 367 [1971]; People v Hernandez , 40 AD3d 777, 778 [2d Dept. 2007]). | 5 | 10 |
People v. Ramirez-Portorealgreen2 sentences2024Turning to the issue of suppression, the Presentment Agency has the initial burden at a Mapp hearing of showing, by credible evidence, the lawfulness of the police conduct ( People v Ramirez-Portoreal , 88 NY2d 99 [1996]; People v Berrios , 28 NY2d 361, 367 [1971]; People v Hernandez , 40 AD3d 777, 778 [2d Dept. 2007]). 2024Turning to the issue of suppression, the Presentment Agency has the initial burden at a Mapp hearing of showing, by credible evidence, the lawfulness of the police conduct ( People v Ramirez-Portoreal , 88 NY2d 99 [1996]; People v Berrios , 28 NY2d 361, 367 [1971]; People v Hernandez , 40 AD3d 777, 778 [2d Dept. 2007]). | 3 | 4 |
Mapp v. Ohiogreen2 sentences2024See Mapp v Ohio , 367 US 643 (1961); Huntley , 259 AD2d at 845 (defining a Mapp hearing as a hearing on "a motion to suppress tangible evidence"). 2024See Mapp v Ohio , 367 US 643 (1961); Huntley , 259 AD2d at 845 (defining a Mapp hearing as a hearing on "a motion to suppress tangible evidence"). | 2 | 66 |
People v. Riveragreen2 sentences2006As there were no colorable grounds to challenge the propriety of the defendant’s arrest or seizure of tangible evidence, the defendant failed to establish that defense counsel’s initial failure to obtain a pretrial Mapp hearing (Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]) demonstrated ineffective assistance of counsel (see People v Montana, 71 NY2d 705, 708-709 [1988]; People v Wells, 187 AD2d 745 [1992]). 1991The failure to request a Mapp hearing in itself, does not constitute ineffectiveness (People v Rivera, 71 NY2d 705, 709 ), and given defendant’s trial testimony that he had not been in the premises from which the weapons were recovered, we can only conclude that defendant lacked the requisite standing to move for suppression. | 2 | 5 |
People v. Huntleygreen2 sentences2024See Mapp v Ohio , 367 US 643 (1961); Huntley , 259 AD2d at 845 (defining a Mapp hearing as a hearing on "a motion to suppress tangible evidence"). 2024See Mapp v Ohio , 367 US 643 (1961); Huntley , 259 AD2d at 845 (defining a Mapp hearing as a hearing on "a motion to suppress tangible evidence"). | 2 | 4 |
People v. Bryantgreen2 sentences2008Suppression of Tangible Property A Dunaway/Mapp hearing will be held at a time appointed by the court (see People v Bryant, 8 NY3d 530 [2007]). 2007The denial of defendant’s motion to suppress the prerecorded $20 found on defendant without conducting a Mapp hearing was not, under the facts of this case, error since the application did not set forth sufficient sworn factual allegations to mandate a hearing (see People v Mendoza, 82 NY2d 415, 430 [1993]; People v Richardson, 28 AD3d 1002, 1005 [2006], lv denied 7 NY3d 817 [2006]; cf. People v Bryant, 8 NY3d 530, 533-534 [2007]). | 2 | 4 |
People v. Cabangreen2 sentences2017Insofar as the claim of ineffective assistance is based on the failure to request a Mapp hearing, we note that, in light of the facts and legal conclusions stated by Judge Horowitz with respect to the probable cause dimension of the Dunaway hearing (from which defendant raises no issue on appeal), a proceeding formally denominated a Mapp hearing would have had little or no chance of success ( see People v Caban , 5 NY3d 143 , 152 [2005]; People v Gerald , 153 AD3d 1029 , 1031 [2017]). 2017Insofar as the claim of ineffective assistance is based on the failure to request a Mapp hearing, we note that, in light of the facts and legal conclusions stated by Judge Horowitz with respect to the probable cause dimension of the Dunaway hearing (from which defendant raises no issue on appeal), a proceeding formally denominated a Mapp hearing would have had little or no chance of success ( see People v Caban , 5 NY3d 143 , 152 [2005]; People v Gerald , 153 AD3d 1029 , 1031 [2017]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Lopezgreen2 sentences2025Similarly, to the extent that defendant challenges the sentence imposed as unduly harsh and severe, such claim is also foreclosed by his unchallenged appeal waiver ( see People v Lopez , 6 NY3d 248, 256 [2006]; People v Brabant , 229 AD3d 892 , 897 [3d Dept 2024]; People v Cochrane , 228 AD3d 1082 , 1082 [3d Dept 2024], lv denied 42 NY3d 1019 [2024]). 2008Accordingly, defendant’s challenges to County Court’s suppression rulings are precluded (see People v Kemp, 94 NY2d 831, 833 [1999]; People v Hunt, 29 AD3d 1081, 1083 [2006], lv denied 7 NY3d 813 [2006]), and his challenge to the admission of evidence at the Huntley/Mapp hearing and to the severity of the sentence imposed are foreclosed (see People v Lopez, 6 NY3d 248, 255 [2006]; People v Romano, 45 AD3d 910, 912 [2007]). | 2 | 2 |
The People v. Marcus D. Hogangreen2 sentences2019Moreover, defendant's contention that counsel failed to obtain a Mapp hearing is unpersuasive given that defendant invited Krawczyk into the barn and defendant's father signed a consent to search, rendering a Mapp hearing unnecessary ( see People v Hogan , 26 NY3d 779, 787 [2016]; see generally People v Worthington , 150 AD3d 1399, 1403 [2017], lv denied 29 NY3d 1095 [*5][2017]). 2019Moreover, defendant's contention that counsel failed to obtain a Mapp hearing is unpersuasive given that defendant invited Krawczyk into the barn and defendant's father signed a consent to search, rendering a Mapp hearing unnecessary ( see People v Hogan , 26 NY3d 779, 787 [2016]; see generally People v Worthington , 150 AD3d 1399, 1403 [2017], lv denied 29 NY3d 1095 [*5][2017]). | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Berrygreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Parrisgreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Atkinsgreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Elyseegreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Vannessgreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Burtongreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Turnergreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Elamingreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Rollegreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Roarkgreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Folkgreen | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Smithgreen | 2 | 2 |
People v. De Bourgreen2 sentences2008(People v De Bour, 40 NY2d 210 [1976]; Dunaway v New York, 442 US 200 [1979].) A Dunaway/Mapp hearing was held on April 2, 2008. 1999The evidence presented at the Mapp hearing demonstrated that the police officers’ request for information from the defendant was supported by an objective, credible reason (see, People v Hollman, 79 NY2d 181 ; People v De Bour, 40 NY2d 210 ; People v Harris, 151 AD2d 777 ). | 1 | 5 |
People v. Malinskygreen2 sentences1994ROSARIO AND PRETRIAL HEARINGS Soon after the Rosario decision (supra), People v Malinsky ( 15 NY2d 86 ) extended the cross-examination doctrine to pretrial hearings by pointing out (at 90) that "a right sense of justice” allows the defense to ascertain what a witness previously said and "it matters not whether the witness is testifying upon a trial or at a hearing.” The hearing in Malinsky concerned probable cause at a Mapp hearing. 1994ROSARIO AND PRETRIAL HEARINGS Soon after the Rosario decision (supra), People v Malinsky ( 15 NY2d 86 ) extended the cross-examination doctrine to pretrial hearings by pointing out (at 90) that "a right sense of justice” allows the defense to ascertain what a witness previously said and "it matters not whether the witness is testifying upon a trial or at a hearing.” The hearing in Malinsky concerned probable cause at a Mapp hearing. | 1 | 5 |
People v. Pondergreen2 sentences1992(People v Chandler, 121 AD2d 644 [2d Dept], lv denied 68 NY2d 913 [1986]; compare, CPL 265.15 [1] [presuming persons occupying room or dwelling possess machine gun present therein]; 265.15 [2] [presuming persons occupying stolen vehicle possess weapon present therein]; 265.15 [3] [presuming persons occupying vehicle possess firearm present therein].) Since standing no longer arises automatically from a charge of possession (see, People v Ponder, 54 NY2d 160 [1981]), and since the defendant has not alleged facts in support of a reasonable expectation of privacy in the apartment, a Mapp hearing 1992(People v Chandler, 121 AD2d 644 [2d Dept], lv denied 68 NY2d 913 [1986]; compare, CPL 265.15 [1] [presuming persons occupying room or dwelling possess machine gun present therein]; 265.15 [2] [presuming persons occupying stolen vehicle possess weapon present therein]; 265.15 [3] [presuming persons occupying vehicle possess firearm present therein].) Since standing no longer arises automatically from a charge of possession (see, People v Ponder, 54 NY2d 160 [1981]), and since the defendant has not alleged facts in support of a reasonable expectation of privacy in the apartment, a Mapp hearing | 1 | 4 |
People v. Havelkagreen2 sentences1991In such instances, the arrest will be upheld if it is shown at a subsequent Mapp hearing that the information underlying the report was sufficient to constitute probable cause (Whiteley v Warden, supra; People v Havelka, 45 NY2d 636 ; People v Lypka, supra). 1991In such instances, the arrest will be upheld if it is shown at a subsequent Mapp hearing that the information underlying the report was sufficient to constitute probable cause (Whiteley v Warden, supra; People v Havelka, 45 NY2d 636 ; People v Lypka, supra). | 1 | 3 |
People v. Gilesgreen2 sentences1990Appeal from a judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Stanley Sklar, J.), rendered January 10, 1986, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree (two counts) and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the seventh degree and sentencing him, as a predicate violent felon, to concurrent terms of from ZVi to 7 years’ imprisonment and one year, respectively, which was held in abeyance and remanded for a Mapp hearing upon remittitur ( 73 NY2d 666 frevg 137 AD2d 1 ]), is unanimously dismissed on the ground that defendant has absconded an 1990Appeal from a judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Stanley Sklar, J.), rendered January 10, 1986, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree (two counts) and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the seventh degree and sentencing him, as a predicate violent felon, to concurrent terms of from ZVi to 7 years’ imprisonment and one year, respectively, which was held in abeyance and remanded for a Mapp hearing upon remittitur ( 73 NY2d 666 frevg 137 AD2d 1 ]), is unanimously dismissed on the ground that defendant has absconded an | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Jonesgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Rileygreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Robertsgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Mitchellred | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Ortizgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Harrisgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Crandallgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Tejadagreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Chippgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Lypkagreen | 1 | 2 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Dunaway v. New York
green
2 sentences2012The defendant’s remaining contentions, that he was deprived of due process when the Supreme Court denied his motion to suppress certain evidence without holding a Dunaway/Mapp hearing (see Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]; Dunaway v New York, 442 US 200 [1979]), and because the close quarters of the courtroom prohibited him from holding private conversations with his attorney, are without merit. 2012The defendant’s remaining contentions, that he was deprived of due process when the Supreme Court denied his motion to suppress certain evidence without holding a Dunaway/Mapp hearing (see Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]; Dunaway v New York, 442 US 200 [1979]), and because the close quarters of the courtroom prohibited him from holding private conversations with his attorney, are without merit. | 10 | 1983–2023 |
People v. Huntley
green
2 sentences2024The court granted a combined Mapp hearing ( Mapp v Ohio , 367 US 643 [1961]) and Huntley ( People v Huntley , 15 NY2d 72 [1965]) hearing which was held on November 13, 2024. 2024The court granted a combined Mapp hearing ( Mapp v Ohio , 367 US 643 [1961]) and Huntley ( People v Huntley , 15 NY2d 72 [1965]) hearing which was held on November 13, 2024. | 9 | 1983–2024 |
United States v. Wade
green
2 sentences2016Following a combined Wade/Mapp hearing (see United States v Wade, 388 US 218 [1967]; Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]), the County Court granted those branches of the defendants’ separate omnibus motions which were to suppress showup identification evidence on the ground that the showup identifications were unduly suggestive. 2007After a Wade hearing (see United States v Wade, 388 US 218 [1967]) and a Mapp hearing (see Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]), the Supreme Court denied those branches of the defendant’s omnibus motion which were to suppress the property recovered from him and to suppress the three showup identifications of the defendant by the witnesses. | 5 | 1983–2016 |
People v. Rosario
green
2 sentences1993However, the trial court erred in denying the defendant’s motion to reopen the Mapp hearing when certain Rosario material (see, People v Rosario, 9 NY2d 286 , rearg denied 14 NY2d 876 ) was produced by the People after the Mapp hearing had been closed. 1993However, the trial court erred in denying the defendant’s motion to reopen the Mapp hearing when certain Rosario material (see, People v Rosario, 9 NY2d 286 , rearg denied 14 NY2d 876 ) was produced by the People after the Mapp hearing had been closed. | 5 | 1987–1993 |
People v. Boodle
green
2 sentences2024Mapp The defendant's abandonment of the gun was not precipitated by illegal police conduct, but rather, was "an independent act involving a calculated risk attenuated from the underlying police conduct" ( People v. McCullough, 31 AD3d 812 [3rd Dept, 2006]; P eople v. Boodle, 47 NY2d 398 [1979]). 2024Mapp The defendant's abandonment of the gun was not precipitated by illegal police conduct, but rather, was "an independent act involving a calculated risk attenuated from the underlying police conduct" ( People v. McCullough, 31 AD3d 812 [3rd Dept, 2006]; P eople v. Boodle, 47 NY2d 398 [1979]). | 4 | 1989–2024 |
People v. Benevento
green
2 sentences2014The defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel during his pretrial Mapp hearing (see Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]), as defense counsel provided meaningful representation (see People v Caban, 5 NY3d 143, 155-156 [2005]; People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708 [1998]; People v Elamin, 82 AD3d 1664, 1665 [2011]; cf. People v Clermont, 22 NY3d 931 [2013] ). 2014The defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel during his pretrial Mapp hearing (see Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 [1961]), as defense counsel provided meaningful representation (see People v Caban, 5 NY3d 143, 155-156 [2005]; People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708 [1998]; People v Elamin, 82 AD3d 1664, 1665 [2011]; cf. People v Clermont, 22 NY3d 931 [2013] ). | 4 | 2001–2014 |
People v. Wesley
green
2 sentences2021However, the Appellate Division disagreed with the suppression court’s finding that the key alone was sufficient to show a legitimate expectation of privacy, explaining “having made sufficient factual allegations to get a hearing, defendant still had the burden at that hearing of ‘establishing standing by - 13 - - 14 - No. 56 demonstrating a legitimate expectation of privacy’” ( 252 AD2d 401, 402 [1998] [quoting People v Wesley, 73 NY2d 351 (1989)]; see also Ortiz, 83 NY2d 840 [1994] [finding no privacy interest in the apartment even after an evidentiary hearing]; People v Ponder, 54 NY2d 160, 2021However, the Appellate Division disagreed with the suppression court’s finding that the key alone was sufficient to show a legitimate expectation of privacy, explaining “having made sufficient factual allegations to get a hearing, defendant still had the burden at that hearing of ‘establishing standing by - 13 - - 14 - No. 56 demonstrating a legitimate expectation of privacy’” ( 252 AD2d 401, 402 [1998] [quoting People v Wesley, 73 NY2d 351 (1989)]; see also Ortiz, 83 NY2d 840 [1994] [finding no privacy interest in the apartment even after an evidentiary hearing]; People v Ponder, 54 NY2d 160, | 3 | 1992–2021 |
People v. Sandoval
green
2 sentences2015Sandoval/Molineux/Ventimiglia Defendant requests and the People consent to disclosure of defendant’s past criminal history and/or prior bad or immoral acts which the People intend to use at trial and a pretrial hearing pursuant to People v Sandoval ( 34 NY2d 371 [1974]), People v Molineux ( 168 NY 264 [1901]), and People v Ventimiglia ( 52 NY2d 350 [1981]). 1983E.g., Alfinito hearing (People v Alfinito, 16 NY2d 181 ); Cardona hearing (People v Cardona, 41 NY2d 333 ); Darden hearing (People v Darden, 34 NY2d 177 ); Dunaway hearing (People v Dunaway, 442 US 200 ); Huntley hearing (People v Huntley, 15 NY2d 72 ); Mapp hearing (People v Mapp, 367 US 643 ); Sandoval hearing (People v Sandoval, 34 NY2d 371 ); Wade hearing (United States v Wade, 388 US 218 ). | 3 | 1983–2015 |
People v. Suitte
green
2 sentences2014The sentence imposed was not excessive (see People v Suitte, 90 AD2d 80 [1982]). 2014The sentence imposed was not excessive (see People v Suitte, 90 AD2d 80 [1982]). | 3 | 1992–2014 |
People v. Contes
green
2 sentences2007Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution (s ee People v Contes, 60 NY2d 620 [1983]), we find that it was legally sufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt (see People v Williams, 84 NY2d 925, 926 [1994]). 2007Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution (s ee People v Contes, 60 NY2d 620 [1983]), we find that it was legally sufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt (see People v Williams, 84 NY2d 925, 926 [1994]). | 3 | 1989–2007 |
People v. Baldi
green
2 sentences2003We see nothing in this record to suggest that assigned counsel provided less than meaningful representation (see People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708, 712-713 ; People v Baldi, 54 NY2d 137, 147 ) and, accordingly, defendant’s CPL 440.10 motion on this ground was properly denied {see CPL 440.30 [4] [d]). 2003We see nothing in this record to suggest that assigned counsel provided less than meaningful representation (see People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708, 712-713 ; People v Baldi, 54 NY2d 137, 147 ) and, accordingly, defendant’s CPL 440.10 motion on this ground was properly denied {see CPL 440.30 [4] [d]). | 3 | 1989–2003 |
Brady v. Maryland
green
2 sentences1998On March 15, 1995, the defendant’s new counsel moved to withdraw the plea and reopen the Mapp hearing, on the basis of a New York Post article that allegedly indicated that the People had not complied with their obligation to furnish exculpatory material in their possession (Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83 ). 1998On March 15, 1995, the defendant’s new counsel moved to withdraw the plea and reopen the Mapp hearing, on the basis of a New York Post article that allegedly indicated that the People had not complied with their obligation to furnish exculpatory material in their possession (Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83 ). | 3 | 1992–1998 |
Cummings v. Bennett
green
2 sentences1989We find that the defendant was denied the use of this document to impeach the officer on this crucial evidence leading to his arrest, and a de novo Mapp hearing is required (see, CPL 240.44; People v Ranghelle, 69 NY2d 56 ; People v Malinsky, 15 NY2d 86 ; People v Rosario, 9 NY2d 286 , cert denied 368 US 866 ). 1987The People’s failure to turn over its data analysis sheet which contained a prior inconsistent statement of its only witness at a Mapp hearing requires that a de novo suppression hearing be held (see, CPL 240.44; People v Ranghelle, 69 NY2d 56 ; People v Malinsky, 15 NY2d 86 ; People v Rosario, 9 NY2d 286 , rearg denied 9 NY2d 908 , cert denied 368 US 866 , rearg denied 14 NY2d 876 , rearg denied 15 NY2d 765 ). | 3 | 1987–1992 |
| People v. Sidhom neutral | 2 | 2025–2025 |
People v. Darden
green
2 sentences2025The Darden hearing will be conducted in camera and the defense will be allowed to submit proposed questions, People v Darden , 34 NY2d 177 . 1983E.g., Alfinito hearing (People v Alfinito, 16 NY2d 181 ); Cardona hearing (People v Cardona, 41 NY2d 333 ); Darden hearing (People v Darden, 34 NY2d 177 ); Dunaway hearing (People v Dunaway, 442 US 200 ); Huntley hearing (People v Huntley, 15 NY2d 72 ); Mapp hearing (People v Mapp, 367 US 643 ); Sandoval hearing (People v Sandoval, 34 NY2d 371 ); Wade hearing (United States v Wade, 388 US 218 ). | 2 | 1983–2025 |
People v. Knapp
green
2 sentences2025At a Mapp hearing, the People have the burden of overcoming the presumptive unreasonableness of warrantless searches ( People v Knapp , 52 NY2d 689 [1981]). 2025At a Mapp hearing, the People have the burden of overcoming the presumptive unreasonableness of warrantless searches ( People v Knapp , 52 NY2d 689 [1981]). | 2 | 2025–2025 |
| People v. Ferguson green | 2 | 2024–2024 |
| People v. McCullough green | 2 | 2024–2024 |
| People v. Clermont green | 2 | 2014–2014 |
| Payton v. New York green | 2 | 1995–2012 |
| People v. Gray green | 2 | 1996–2007 |
| People v. Gokey green | 2 | 1986–2007 |
| People v. Hadzovic green | 2 | 1999–2001 |
| People v. McGourty green | 2 | 1996–2000 |
| People v. Guin green | 2 | 1999–2000 |
| People v. Malizia green | 2 | 1994–2000 |
| People v. Hollman green | 2 | 1995–1999 |
| People v. Bailey green | 2 | 1997–1998 |
| People v. Hightower green | 2 | 1996–1998 |
| People v. Marte green | 2 | 1995–1996 |
| People v. Dekle green | 2 | 1995–1995 |
| People v. Salaman green | 2 | 1990–1995 |
| People v. Banch green | 2 | 1993–1994 |
| United States v. Salvucci green | 2 | 1982–1994 |
| People v. Martinez green | 2 | 1993–1993 |
| People v. Boyd green | 2 | 1992–1993 |
| People v. Rodriguez green | 2 | 1992–1993 |
| People v. Kitchen green | 2 | 1992–1993 |
| People v. Murray green | 2 | 1992–1993 |
| People v. Martinez green | 2 | 1993–1993 |
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.