petition without an evidentiary hearing (California) · Go Syfert
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petition without an evidentiary hearing in California

47 California opinions name it 2 courts 1994–2026 36 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
San Francisco Human Services Agency v. Karen R.green
calctapp · 2014 · cited in 3 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2026
2 sentences

2022(In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1158 (G.B.) [decision to deny section 388 petition without an evidentiary hearing reviewed for abuse of discretion].) A parent may petition the juvenile court to change, modify, or set aside a prior court order based on changed circumstances or new evidence if such modification would promote the child’s best interests. (§ 388, subd. (a)(1); G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1157 .) A hearing must be held only if the petitioner makes a prima facie showing the circumstances have changed since the prior court order and the interests of the child are promo

2022(In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1158 (G.B.) [decision to deny section 388 petition without an evidentiary hearing reviewed for abuse of discretion].) A parent may petition the juvenile court to change, modify, or set aside a prior court order based on changed circumstances or new evidence if such modification would promote the child’s best interests. (§ 388, subd. (a)(1); G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1157 .) A hearing must be held only if the petitioner makes a prima facie showing the circumstances have changed since the prior court order and the interests of the child are promo

33
San Diego County Health & Human Services Agency v. Alejandro G.green
calctapp · 2014 · cited in 3 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2025
2 sentences

2025(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 189 ; In re Zachary G. (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 806 ; In re Jeremy W. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1414 ; see Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(d).) A prima facie showing is not made “unless the facts alleged, if supported by evidence given credit at the hearing, would sustain a favorable decision on the petition.” (In re J.P. (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 108, 127 .) “In determining whether a parent has made a prima facie showing under section 388, we may consider the entire factual and procedural history of the case.” (In re Daniel F. (2021) 64 Cal.App.5t

2022(In re Justice P., supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at p. 189 ; In re Jeremy W. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1414 ; In re Zachary G., supra, 77 Cal.App.4th at p. 806 ; see Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(d).) A prima facie showing is not made “unless the facts alleged, if supported by evidence given credit at the hearing, would sustain a favorable decision on the petition.” (In re J.P. (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 108, 127 .) “In determining whether a parent has made a prima facie showing under section 388, we may consider the entire factual and procedural history of the case.” (In re Daniel F. (2021) 64 Cal.Ap

33
In Re Jeremy W.green
calctapp · 1992 · cited in 17 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2026
2 sentences

2026(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188-189 ; In re Jeremy W. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1413 ; In re Zachary G. (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 806 ; see rule 5.570(d).) We review the summary denial of a section 388 petition for abuse of discretion.

2025(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188-189 ; In re Jeremy W. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1413 ; In re Zachary G. (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 806 ; see rule 5.570(d).) We review the denial of a section 388 petition for abuse of discretion.

117
People v. Romerogreen
cal · 1994 · cited in 4 California opinions naming this issue, 2007–2024
2 sentences

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

14
In Re Marilyn Hgreen
cal · 1993 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023(In 15 re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309 (Marilyn H.) “[I]f the liberally construed allegations of the petition do not make a prima facie showing of changed circumstances and that the proposed change would promote the best interests of the child, the court need not order a hearing on the petition.” (In re Zachary G., supra, at p. 806 ; § 388, subd. (d) [“If it appears that the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted by the proposed change of order, . . . the court shall order that a hearing be held . . . .”].) If, for instance, the parent makes a prima facie showing of changed

2023(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(a); In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309-310 .) Nonetheless, if the juvenile court finds that even so construed the petition fails to make a prima facie case as to either or both tests under section 388, the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.

12
Fresno County Department of Social Services v. Edward H.green
calctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026(See, e.g., In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1160 [where “evaluation report upon which mother herself relied stated that mother continued to deny any parental role in [child’s] serious injuries,” section 388 petition was insufficient to establish prima facie case for modification]; Edward H., supra, 43 Cal.App.4th at p. 594 [“on the eve of the section 366.26 permanency planning hearing,” “the children’s interest in stability was the court’s foremost concern and outweighed any interest in reunification”]; cf. Kimberly F., at pp. 532–533 [where “the facts uniformly favor[ed] the parent,”

11
In re Figueroagreen
cal · 2018 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

11
In Re Rosenkrantzgreen
cal · 2002 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

11
In re Bacigalupogreen
cal · 2012 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

11
In re Mastersgreen
cal · 2019 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

2024If the written return admits allegations in the petition that, if true, justify the relief sought, the court may grant relief without an evidentiary hearing. [Citations.] Conversely, consideration of the written return and matters of record may persuade the court that the contentions advanced in the petition lack merit, 27 in which event the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.” (Romero, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 740 ; see also Figueroa, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 587 [“An evidentiary hearing is not required if ‘ “there are no disputed factual questions as to matters outside th

11
In Re Lauren P.green
calctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Code, § 1237, subd. (b); In re Lauren P. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 763, 768 [a court’s “characterization of its own order . . . is not controlling].) 7 (Id. at p. 345.) The trial court denied the petition without an evidentiary hearing.

11
Los Angeles County Department of Children & Family Services v. Niema B.green
calctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188-190 ; see In re Alayah J. (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 469, 478 ; In re Elizabeth M. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 318, 322-323 .) “‘A “prima facie” showing refers to those facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’” (In re Josiah S. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 403, 418 .) Consequently, section 388 petitions with general, conclusory allegations do not suffice.

11
In Re Haygoodgreen
cal · 1975 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
People v. Babbittgreen
cal · 1988 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
People v. Karisgreen
cal · 1988 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
People v. Friersongreen
cal · 1979 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
In Re Fieldsgreen
cal · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
In Re Justice P. green
calctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2026(In re G.B.(2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1157 [“[T]he parent must sufficiently allege both a change in circumstances or new evidence and the promotion of the child’s best interests,” and “[a] prima facie case is made if the allegations demonstrate that these two elements are supported by probable cause.”]; In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181 , 191 10 [“[S]ection 388 contemplates that a petitioner make a prima facie showing of both elements to trigger an evidentiary hearing on the petition.”]; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(d)(1) [A juvenile court may deny a petition under section 388,

2013(Rule 5.570(a).) However, if the juvenile court finds that even so construed the petition fails to make a prima facie case as to either or both tests under section 388, the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing. (§ 388, subd. (d); rule 5.570(d), (h)(2); In re Justice P., supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at p. 189 .) We review a ruling denying a section 388 petition for abuse of discretion.

242013–2026
In Re Zachary G. green
calctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2023(In 15 re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309 (Marilyn H.) “[I]f the liberally construed allegations of the petition do not make a prima facie showing of changed circumstances and that the proposed change would promote the best interests of the child, the court need not order a hearing on the petition.” (In re Zachary G., supra, at p. 806 ; § 388, subd. (d) [“If it appears that the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted by the proposed change of order, . . . the court shall order that a hearing be held . . . .”].) If, for instance, the parent makes a prima facie showing of changed

2022(In re Zachary G. (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 806 .) If, for instance, the parent makes a prima facie showing of changed circumstances, the juvenile court can 15 still deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing if the parent fails to make a prima facie showing that the relief sought would promote the child’s best interests.

222020–2026
People v. Lewis green
cal · 2021
2 sentences

2025(People v. Delgadillo (2022) 14 Cal.5th 216, 233 ; People v. Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 707 ; People v. Garcia (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 956 , 973; Harden, supra, 81 Cal.App.5th at pp. 47–48, 52.) If the trial court erroneously denies the petition without an evidentiary hearing, the error is harmless if the defendant is ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law. ( Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 973–974.) II.

2024After the parties have had an opportunity to submit briefings, the court shall hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (c).) The court may deny a petition without an evidentiary hearing where the record establishes the petitioner is ineligible as a matter of law. ( Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 970–972.) If the defendant makes a prima facie showing of entitlement to relief, the court must issue an order to show cause and hold an evidentiary hearing. (§ 1172.6, subds. (c), (d)(3).)3 We review the challenged order de novo.

62021–2025
In Re Josiah S. green
calctapp · 2002
2 sentences

2023(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188-190 .) “‘A “prima facie” showing refers to those facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’” (In re Josiah S. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 403, 418 .) Consequently, section 388 petitions with general, conclusory allegations do not suffice.

2022(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188-190 ; see In re Alayah J. (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 469, 478 ; In re Elizabeth M. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 318, 322-323 .) “‘A “prima facie” showing refers to those facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’” (In re Josiah S. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 403, 418 .) Consequently, section 388 petitions with general, conclusory allegations do not suffice.

42020–2023
Daijah T. v. Felicia W. green
calctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2024(Rule 5.570(a); In re Daijah T., supra, 83 Cal.App.4th at p. 673 .) “ ‘A “prima facie” showing refers to those facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’ ” (In re Daijah T., supra, at p. 673 .) Nonetheless, if the juvenile court finds that even so construed the 2 Further undesignated rule references are to the California Rules of Court. 4 petition fails to make a prima facie case of changed circumstances and best interests under section 388, the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.

2024(Rule 5.570(a); In re Daijah T., supra, 83 Cal.App.4th at p. 673 .) “ ‘A “prima facie” showing refers to those facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’ ” (In re Daijah T., supra, at p. 673 .) Nonetheless, if the juvenile court finds that even so construed the 2 Further undesignated rule references are to the California Rules of Court. 4 petition fails to make a prima facie case of changed circumstances and best interests under section 388, the court may deny the petition without an evidentiary hearing.

32022–2024
People v. Strong green
cal · 2022
2 sentences

2025(People v. Delgadillo (2022) 14 Cal.5th 216, 233 ; People v. Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 707 ; People v. Garcia (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 956 , 973; Harden, supra, 81 Cal.App.5th at pp. 47–48, 52.) If the trial court erroneously denies the petition without an evidentiary hearing, the error is harmless if the defendant is ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law. ( Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 973–974.) II.

2023(Ibid., quoting People v. Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 708 .) In this case, that would require proof that, in convicting appellant of second degree murder, the jury necessarily determined he personally harbored malice and did not convict appellant based on a theory of imputed malice.

22023–2025
People v. Clark green
cal · 2016
2 sentences

2025This court reversed because the jury’s special circumstance findings were made before our Supreme Court clarified the meaning of “major participant” and “reckless indifference to human life” in People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 and because weighing of the evidence is not permitted at the prima facie stage.

2023(People v. Marsh (Aug. 11, 2021, G059355) [nonpub. opn.] (Marsh II).) “The trial court denied the petition without an evidentiary hearing after concluding the jury in Marsh’s trial had necessarily found he was either the actual killer of the two victims or had been a major participant in the robbery/burglary who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Marsh II, supra, G059355.) Relying on People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 , (Banks), and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 , (Clark), which were decided after Marsh’s 1994 trial and clarified the requirements for determining wheth

22023–2025
People v. Banks green
cal · 2015
2 sentences

2025This court reversed because the jury’s special circumstance findings were made before our Supreme Court clarified the meaning of “major participant” and “reckless indifference to human life” in People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 and because weighing of the evidence is not permitted at the prima facie stage.

2023(People v. Marsh (Aug. 11, 2021, G059355) [nonpub. opn.] (Marsh II).) “The trial court denied the petition without an evidentiary hearing after concluding the jury in Marsh’s trial had necessarily found he was either the actual killer of the two victims or had been a major participant in the robbery/burglary who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Marsh II, supra, G059355.) Relying on People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 , (Banks), and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 , (Clark), which were decided after Marsh’s 1994 trial and clarified the requirements for determining wheth

22023–2025
San Diego County Department of Social Services v. Lee P. green
calctapp · 1989
1 sentence

2025(See In re Heather P. (1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 886, 891 ; see also In re Jeremy W., supra, 3 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1413-1414.) II ICWA Father contends the juvenile court failed to comply with the provisions of the ICWA when it neglected to obtain input from the tribal representative and to consider the preferred permanent plan of tribal customary adoption.

12025–2025
People v. Delgadillo green
cal · 2022
1 sentence

2025(People v. Delgadillo (2022) 14 Cal.5th 216, 233 ; People v. Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 707 ; People v. Garcia (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 956 , 973; Harden, supra, 81 Cal.App.5th at pp. 47–48, 52.) If the trial court erroneously denies the petition without an evidentiary hearing, the error is harmless if the defendant is ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law. ( Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 973–974.) II.

12025–2025
People v. Curiel green
cal · 2023
1 sentence

2024(Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.)” (People v. Curiel (2023) 15 Cal.5th 433, 449 .) For the remainder of this opinion, we will refer to this statutory provision as section 1172.6. 3 Ontiveros timely appealed.

12024–2024
Wayne Dale Schell v. Larry Witek, Warden Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, State of California, 1 green
ca9 · 2000
1 sentence

2023(Id. at p. 1021.) In Schell’s appeal from the federal district court’s summary denial of his habeas petition, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held, “[A] state trial court has no discretion to ignore an indigent defendant’s timely motion to relieve an appointed attorney.” (Schell, supra, 218 F.3d at p. 1025 , italics added.) Because the trial court erred by failing to consider Schell’s Marsden motion at all, the Ninth Circuit remanded the habeas petition “to the district court with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine (1) the nature and extent of the conflict between S

12023–2023
People v. Reynolds green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2022(People v. Reynolds (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1408 .) There are varying degrees of deference within the abuse of discretion standard of review.

12022–2022
In Re Elizabeth M. green
calctapp · 1997
1 sentence

2022(In re Justice P. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 181, 188-190 ; see In re Alayah J. (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 469, 478 ; In re Elizabeth M. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 318, 322-323 .) “‘A “prima facie” showing refers to those facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’” (In re Josiah S. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 403, 418 .) Consequently, section 388 petitions with general, conclusory allegations do not suffice.

12022–2022
In Re Levi U. green
calctapp · 2000
1 sentence

2016(In re Levi U. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 191, 200 .) Summary denial of the petition without an evidentiary hearing did not violate mother’s due process rights.

12016–2016
Estate of Bennett green
calctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2015(See Estate of Bennett (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1307-1308 ; Estate of Lensch (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 667, 673 .) And, without having made an evidentiary proffer, he cannot now criticize the trial court for ruling on the petition without an evidentiary hearing.

12015–2015
Estate of Lensch green
calctapp · 2009
1 sentence

2015(See Estate of Bennett (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1307-1308 ; Estate of Lensch (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 667, 673 .) And, without having made an evidentiary proffer, he cannot now criticize the trial court for ruling on the petition without an evidentiary hearing.

12015–2015
Cairns v. Cairns green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2015(Estate of Cairns (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 937, 951 .) Moreover, it is the appellant’s burden to show error on appeal, and William’s briefs make no argument and identify no evidence that suggest the trial court erred in denying his requests for an evidentiary hearing.

12015–2015
In Re SR green
calctapp · 2009
12013–2013
In Re Angel B. green
calctapp · 2002
12013–2013
In Re Pratt green
· 1980
11999–1999
In Re Saunders green
cal · 1970
11994–1994
In Re Sixto green
cal · 1989
11994–1994

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 452 (6) USC § 25u.s.c.1901 (5) USC § 25u.s.c.1903 (4) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 1484 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 117 (1971–2026) PA 83 (1974–2026) CA 47 (1994–2026) NJ 39 (2005–2026) OH 22 (2002–2025) MN 15 (1981–2026) TN 14 (1971–2024) ID 13 (2002–2023) AL 6 (1983–1999) IN 5 (2016–2020) NY 5 (1997–2016) MS 3 (1973–1985) NV 3 (2018–2020) AR 2 (1986–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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