application for a special exception (Maryland) · Go Syfert
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application for a special exception in Maryland

43 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1966–2023 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Montgomery County v. Merlands Club, Inc.green
md · 1953 · cited in 11 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1970–2011
2 sentences

2008The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal." (emphasis added)); Rockville Fuel, 257 Md. at 190-91 , 262 A.2d at 503 ("If [the applicant] shows to the satisfaction of the Board that the proposed use would be conducted without real detriment to the neighborhood and would not ac

2008The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal." (emphasis added)); Rockville Fuel, 257 Md. at 190-91 , 262 A.2d at 503 ("If [the applicant] shows to the satisfaction of the Board that the proposed use would be conducted without real detriment to the neighborhood and would not ac

911
Rockville Fuel & Feed Co. v. Board of Appealsgreen
md · 1970 · cited in 11 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1971–2011
2 sentences

2008The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal." (emphasis added)); Rockville Fuel, 257 Md. at 190-91 , 262 A.2d at 503 ("If [the applicant] shows to the satisfaction of the Board that the proposed use would be conducted without real detriment to the neighborhood and would not ac

2008The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal." (emphasis added)); Rockville Fuel, 257 Md. at 190-91 , 262 A.2d at 503 ("If [the applicant] shows to the satisfaction of the Board that the proposed use would be conducted without real detriment to the neighborhood and would not ac

811
Turner v. Hammondgreen
md · 1973 · cited in 9 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1981–2011
2 sentences

1981But, if there is no probative evidence at all of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal. [Montgomery Co. v.] Merlands [Club, 202 Md. 279 , 96 A.2d 261 (1953)]. [Id. at 191.] A more recent case in which we reversed the denial of a special exception by a local board and an affirmance of that denial by the circuit court is Turner v. Hammond, 270 Md. 41 , 310 A.2d 543 (1973).

1981But, if there is no probative evidence at all of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal. [Montgomery Co. v.] Merlands [Club, 202 Md. 279 , 96 A.2d 261 (1953)]. [Id. at 191.] A more recent case in which we reversed the denial of a special exception by a local board and an affirmance of that denial by the circuit court is Turner v. Hammond, 270 Md. 41 , 310 A.2d 543 (1973).

79
Anderson v. Sawyergreen
mdctspecapp · 1974 · cited in 8 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1981–2011
2 sentences

2008In Anderson v. Sawyer, 23 Md.App. 612, 617 , 329 A.2d 716, 720 (1974), Judge Rita Davidson (seven years later to become the author of Schultz ), then writing for the Court of Special Appeals, examined an order of the Baltimore County Board of Appeals denying an application for a special exception to operate a funeral home within a residential zone.

2008In Anderson v. Sawyer, 23 Md.App. 612, 617 , 329 A.2d 716, 720 (1974), Judge Rita Davidson (seven years later to become the author of Schultz ), then writing for the Court of Special Appeals, examined an order of the Baltimore County Board of Appeals denying an application for a special exception to operate a funeral home within a residential zone.

78
Norbert C. Pearson, Also Known as Spike v. City of Grand Blanc, J. Larry Tomlinsongreen
ca6 · 1992 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996Ltd. v. Upper Darby Tp., supra, 983 F.2d at 1292 (revocation of a use permit, but the court nevertheless held that the landowner had not shown that an assumed property interest in the permit had yet been denied because "the Township has rendered no final decision regarding the revocation of the permit"); Pearson v. City of Grand Blanc, supra, 961 F.2d at 1214 (plaintiff's application for rezoning of his property was denied); Nasierowski Bros.

1996Ltd. v. Upper Darby Tp., supra, 983 F.2d at 1292 (revocation of a use permit, but the court nevertheless held that the landowner had not shown that an assumed property interest in the permit had yet been denied because “the Township has rendered no final decision regarding the revocation of the permit”); Pearson v. City of Grand Blanc, supra, 961 F.2d at 1214 (plaintiff’s application for rezoning of his property was denied); Nasierowski Bros.

22
Taylor Investment, Ltd. v. Upper Darby Townshipgreen
ca3 · 1993 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996Ltd. v. Upper Darby Tp., supra, 983 F.2d at 1292 (revocation of a use permit, but the court nevertheless held that the landowner had not shown that an assumed property interest in the permit had yet been denied because "the Township has rendered no final decision regarding the revocation of the permit"); Pearson v. City of Grand Blanc, supra, 961 F.2d at 1214 (plaintiff's application for rezoning of his property was denied); Nasierowski Bros.

1996Ltd. v. Upper Darby Tp., supra, 983 F.2d at 1292 (revocation of a use permit, but the court nevertheless held that the landowner had not shown that an assumed property interest in the permit had yet been denied because “the Township has rendered no final decision regarding the revocation of the permit”); Pearson v. City of Grand Blanc, supra, 961 F.2d at 1214 (plaintiff’s application for rezoning of his property was denied); Nasierowski Bros.

22
cluster 604832green
ca4 · 1993 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See, e.g., Biser v. Town of Bel Air, supra, 991 F.2d at 102 (denial of an application for a special exception); Taylor Inv.

1996See, e.g., Biser v. Town of Bel Air, supra, 991 F.2d at 102 (denial of an application for a special exception); Taylor Inv.

22
Schultz v. Prittsgreen
md · 1981 · cited in 9 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1993–2008
2 sentences

2008“Whereas, the applicant has the burden of adducing testimony which will show that his use meets the prescribed standards and requirements, he does not have the burden of establishing affirmatively that his proposed use would be a benefit to the community____But if there is no probative evidence of ... factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception use is arbitrary, capricious, and illegal.” (Citations omitted.) (Emphasis added.) Schultz, 291 Md. at 11 , 432 A.2d at 1325 .

2008“Whereas, the applicant has the burden of adducing testimony which will show that his use meets the prescribed standards and requirements, he does not have the burden of establishing affirmatively that his proposed use would be a benefit to the community____But if there is no probative evidence of ... factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception use is arbitrary, capricious, and illegal.” (Citations omitted.) (Emphasis added.) Schultz, 291 Md. at 11 , 432 A.2d at 1325 .

19
Cason v. Board of County Commissionersgreen
md · 1971 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1971–2008
2 sentences

1971But, if there is no probative evidence at all of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal.” ( 257 Md. at 191 , 262 A. 2d at 504 .) We cited Rockville Fuel & Feed Co. with approval in the recent case of Cason v. Board of County Commissioners for Prince George’s County, 261 Md. 699, 707 , 276 A. 2d 661, 665 (1971). *162 See also Montgomery County Council v. Scrimgeour, 211 Md. 306 , 127 A. 2d 528 (1956); Montgo

1971But, if there is no probative evidence at all of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal.” ( 257 Md. at 191 , 262 A. 2d at 504 .) We cited Rockville Fuel & Feed Co. with approval in the recent case of Cason v. Board of County Commissioners for Prince George’s County, 261 Md. 699, 707 , 276 A. 2d 661, 665 (1971). *162 See also Montgomery County Council v. Scrimgeour, 211 Md. 306 , 127 A. 2d 528 (1956); Montgo

12
Gingell v. Board of County Commissionersgreen
md · 1968 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020App. 694, 698 (1996); see also Gingell, 249 Md. at 375 (noting that one reason for “requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies before resorting to the courts [is] [] that it is within the expertise of the administrative agency involved to hear and consider the evidence brought before it and make findings as to the propriety of the action requested”); Poe, 241 Md. 307–08 (explaining that “[i]t is particularly within the expertise of an administrative body such as the Board to marshal and sift the evidence presented in a hearing upon an application for a special exception and to make an

11
Deen v. Baltimore Gas & Electric Co.green
md · 1965 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal." (emphasis added)); Rockville Fuel, 257 Md. at 190-91 , 262 A.2d at 503 ("If [the applicant] shows to the satisfaction of the Board that the proposed use would be conducted without real detriment to the neighborhood and would not ac

2008The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal." (emphasis added)); Rockville Fuel, 257 Md. at 190-91 , 262 A.2d at 503 ("If [the applicant] shows to the satisfaction of the Board that the proposed use would be conducted without real detriment to the neighborhood and would not ac

11
Alviani v. Dixongreen
md · 2001 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008As relevant to the case at bar, we quoted the above emphasized language from Schultz as the special exception standard as late as our case of Alviani v. Dixon, 365 Md. 95, 113 , 775 A.2d 1234, 1244 (2001).

2008As relevant to the case at bar, we quoted the above emphasized language from Schultz as the special exception standard as late as our case of Alviani v. Dixon, 365 Md. 95, 113 , 775 A.2d 1234, 1244 (2001).

11
Eastern Outdoor Advertising Co. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimoregreen
mdctspecapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Schultz, 291 Md. at 11 , 432 A.2d 1319 (citations omitted; emphasis in original); see also Eastern Outdoor II, 307-09, 807 A.2d 49 .

11
Huff v. Board of Zoning Appealsgreen
md · 1957 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
2 sentences

1989See Huff, 214 Md. at 61-62, 133 A.2d 83 . 8 In Rockville , a case which involved an application for a special exception and not a reclassification to a floating zone, the Board of Zoning Appeals rejected the application because, the Board concluded, the proposed use was not in accord with the general welfare.

1989See Huff, 214 Md. at 61-62, 133 A.2d 83 . 8 In Rockville , a case which involved an application for a special exception and not a reclassification to a floating zone, the Board of Zoning Appeals rejected the application because, the Board concluded, the proposed use was not in accord with the general welfare.

11
Tyrie v. Baltimore Countygreen
md · 1982 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
2 sentences

1971We had expressly given approval to this practice in Tyrie v. Baltimore County, 215 Md. 135,140-141 , 137 A. 2d 156,158-159 (1957) in which Judge Hammond (now Chief Judge), for the Court, aptly stated: “It is obvious then that as to a particular tract of land the right to the same uses may be obtained, in many instances, either by a reclassification or the granting of a Special Exception.

1971We had expressly given approval to this practice in Tyrie v. Baltimore County, 215 Md. 135,140-141 , 137 A. 2d 156,158-159 (1957) in which Judge Hammond (now Chief Judge), for the Court, aptly stated: “It is obvious then that as to a particular tract of land the right to the same uses may be obtained, in many instances, either by a reclassification or the granting of a Special Exception.

11
Town of Somerset v. Montgomery County Board of Appealsgreen
md · 1966 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1967–1967
11
Carney v. City of Baltimoregreen
md · 1952 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1966–1966
11
Marino v. Mayor of Baltimoregreen
md · 1979 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1966–1966
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
Mayor and Council of Rockville v. Rylyns Enterprises, Inc. green
md · 2002
2 sentences

2023Id. at 543 . 10 “‘A variance refers to administrative relief which may be granted from the strict application of a particular development limitation in the zoning ordinance (i.e., setback, area and height limitations, etc.).’” Rylyns, 372 Md. at 537 (quoting Stanley D.

2023Id. at 543 . 10 “‘A variance refers to administrative relief which may be granted from the strict application of a particular development limitation in the zoning ordinance (i.e., setback, area and height limitations, etc.).’” Rylyns, 372 Md. at 537 (quoting Stanley D.

42023–2023
Templeton v. County Council green
mdctspecapp · 1974
2 sentences

1981Templeton v. County Council, 21 Md.

1981Templeton v. County Council, 21 Md.

41975–1981
Kirkman v. Montgomery County Council green
md · 1968
2 sentences

1975Co. Board of Appeals, 261 Md. 153 , 274 A. 2d 379 (1971); Kirkman v. Montgomery Co. Council, 251 Md. 273 , 247 A. 2d 255 (1968).

1975Co. Board of Appeals, 261 Md. 153 , 274 A. 2d 379 (1971); Kirkman v. Montgomery Co. Council, 251 Md. 273 , 247 A. 2d 255 (1968).

21971–1975
Ellicott v. Mayor of Baltimore green
md · 1942
2 sentences

1966As Chief Judge Bond, for the Court, pointed out in Ellicott v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 180 Md. 176, 180 , 23 A. 2d 649 (1942), “it was the design of the statute and the ordinance that this question [the validity of the ordinance] along with others arising in the application of the zoning law should be litigated in one proceeding, at the suit of all persons feeling aggrieved, taxpayers and others.” It is particularly within the expertise of an administrative body such as the Board to marshal and sift the evidence presented in a hearing upon an application for a special exception an

1966As Chief Judge Bond, for the Court, pointed out in Ellicott v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 180 Md. 176, 180 , 23 A. 2d 649 (1942), “it was the design of the statute and the ordinance that this question [the validity of the ordinance] along with others arising in the application of the zoning law should be litigated in one proceeding, at the suit of all persons feeling aggrieved, taxpayers and others.” It is particularly within the expertise of an administrative body such as the Board to marshal and sift the evidence presented in a hearing upon an application for a special exception an

21966–1972
Bryniarski v. Montgomery County Board of Appeals red
md · 1967
2 sentences

2013Id. at 141-42 , 230 A.2d 289 .

2013Id. at 141-42 , 230 A.2d 289 .

12013–2013
Crowther, Inc. v. Johnson green
md · 1961
2 sentences

2008We began our analysis by noting the appropriate standard to be applied in evaluating an application for a special exception by noting that "conditions upon which a special exception may be granted are set out in the ordinance, and the board is given a wide latitude of discretion in passing upon special *183 exceptions so long as the resulting use is in harmony with the general purpose and intent of the zoning plan and will not adversely affect the use of neighboring properties and the general plan of the neighborhood as provided by the zoning ordinance." We determined that substantial evidence

2008We began our analysis by noting the appropriate standard to be applied in evaluating an application for a special exception by noting that "conditions upon which a special exception may be granted are set out in the ordinance, and the board is given a wide latitude of discretion in passing upon special *183 exceptions so long as the resulting use is in harmony with the general purpose and intent of the zoning plan and will not adversely affect the use of neighboring properties and the general plan of the neighborhood as provided by the zoning ordinance." We determined that substantial evidence

12008–2008
Board of County Commissioners v. Ziegler green
md · 1966
2 sentences

1999In Board of County Commissioners v. Ziegler, 244 Md. 224 , 223 A.2d 255 (1966), the Board of Commissioners of Prince George’s County, sitting as a district council, denied an application for a special exception.

1999In Board of County Commissioners v. Ziegler, 244 Md. 224 , 223 A.2d 255 (1966), the Board of Commissioners of Prince George’s County, sitting as a district council, denied an application for a special exception.

11999–1999
Lawton T. Sharp Farm, Inc. v. Somerlock green
mdctspecapp · 1982
2 sentences

1987Sharp Farm v. Somerlock, 52 Md.App. 207 , 447 A.2d 500 , cert. denied, 294 Md. 622 (1982), we affirmed the trial court’s remand of a case involving an application for a special exception use of land for a private airstrip so that the Board of Appeals could weigh the evidence in light of the Schultz test.

1987Sharp Farm v. Somerlock, 52 Md.App. 207 , 447 A.2d 500 , cert. denied, 294 Md. 622 (1982), we affirmed the trial court’s remand of a case involving an application for a special exception use of land for a private airstrip so that the Board of Appeals could weigh the evidence in light of the Schultz test.

11987–1987
Commissioners of Cambridge v. Eastern Shore Public Service Co. green
md · 1949
2 sentences

1978This argument overlooks the fact that Section 40 of the Zoning Ordinance provides for an appeal from the Board’s action in denying an application for a special exception to the Baltimore City Court, and, from the decision of that court, to this tribunal.” Cf. Commissioners of Cambridge v. Eastern Shore *157 Public Service Co., supra, 192 Md. at 337 , 64 A. 2d at 152-53 .

1978This argument overlooks the fact that Section 40 of the Zoning Ordinance provides for an appeal from the Board’s action in denying an application for a special exception to the Baltimore City Court, and, from the decision of that court, to this tribunal.” Cf. Commissioners of Cambridge v. Eastern Shore *157 Public Service Co., supra, 192 Md. at 337 , 64 A. 2d at 152-53 .

11978–1978
Prince George's County v. Meininger green
md · 1972
2 sentences

1975The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing *419 disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal.” Prince George’s Co. v. Meininger, 264 Md. 148 , 285 A. 2d 649 (1972); Gerachis v. Mont.

1975The extent of any harm or disturbance to the neighboring area and uses is, of course, material but if there is no probative evidence of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing *419 disharmony to the functioning of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal.” Prince George’s Co. v. Meininger, 264 Md. 148 , 285 A. 2d 649 (1972); Gerachis v. Mont.

11975–1975
Gerachis v. Montgomery County Board of Appeals green
md · 1971
2 sentences

1975Co. Board of Appeals, 261 Md. 153 , 274 A. 2d 379 (1971); Kirkman v. Montgomery Co. Council, 251 Md. 273 , 247 A. 2d 255 (1968).

1975Co. Board of Appeals, 261 Md. 153 , 274 A. 2d 379 (1971); Kirkman v. Montgomery Co. Council, 251 Md. 273 , 247 A. 2d 255 (1968).

11975–1975
Certain-Teed Products Corp. v. Paris Township green
mich · 1958
2 sentences

1973Several organized bus loads of angry property owners filled the hearing room and frequently interrupted witnesses and counsel by booing and hissing, or applauding. * * * The testimony consisted chiefly of emotional outbursts on the part of individual homeowners. . . .” 113 F. Supp. at 392-93 . *191 In Certain-teed Products Corp. v. Paris Township, 351 Mich. 434 , 88 N.W.2d 705 (1958), the Zoning Board of the township denied an application for a special exception to build a manufacturing plant in an industrial zone.

1973Several organized bus loads of angry property owners filled the hearing room and frequently interrupted witnesses and counsel by booing and hissing, or applauding. * * * The testimony consisted chiefly of emotional outbursts on the part of individual homeowners. . . .” 113 F. Supp. at 392-93 . *191 In Certain-teed Products Corp. v. Paris Township, 351 Mich. 434 , 88 N.W.2d 705 (1958), the Zoning Board of the township denied an application for a special exception to build a manufacturing plant in an industrial zone.

11973–1973
American University v. Prentiss green
dcd · 1953
1 sentence

1973Several organized bus loads of angry property owners filled the hearing room and frequently interrupted witnesses and counsel by booing and hissing, or applauding. * * * The testimony consisted chiefly of emotional outbursts on the part of individual homeowners. . . .” 113 F. Supp. at 392-93 . *191 In Certain-teed Products Corp. v. Paris Township, 351 Mich. 434 , 88 N.W.2d 705 (1958), the Zoning Board of the township denied an application for a special exception to build a manufacturing plant in an industrial zone.

11973–1973
Montgomery County Council v. Scrimgeour green
md · 2001
2 sentences

1971But, if there is no probative evidence at all of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal.” ( 257 Md. at 191 , 262 A. 2d at 504 .) We cited Rockville Fuel & Feed Co. with approval in the recent case of Cason v. Board of County Commissioners for Prince George’s County, 261 Md. 699, 707 , 276 A. 2d 661, 665 (1971). *162 See also Montgomery County Council v. Scrimgeour, 211 Md. 306 , 127 A. 2d 528 (1956); Montgo

1971But, if there is no probative evidence at all of harm or disturbance in light of the nature of the zone involved or of factors causing disharmony to the operation of the comprehensive plan, a denial of an application for a special exception is arbitrary, capricious and illegal.” ( 257 Md. at 191 , 262 A. 2d at 504 .) We cited Rockville Fuel & Feed Co. with approval in the recent case of Cason v. Board of County Commissioners for Prince George’s County, 261 Md. 699, 707 , 276 A. 2d 661, 665 (1971). *162 See also Montgomery County Council v. Scrimgeour, 211 Md. 306 , 127 A. 2d 528 (1956); Montgo

11971–1971
Finney v. Halle green
md · 1966
2 sentences

1971In Finney v. Halle, 241 Md. 224 , 216 A. 2d 530 (1966), the applicant simultaneously proceeded with the application for a special exception necessarily supported by the reclassification of the property involved in that case to apartment zoning (R-A).

1971In Finney v. Halle, 241 Md. 224 , 216 A. 2d 530 (1966), the applicant simultaneously proceeded with the application for a special exception necessarily supported by the reclassification of the property involved in that case to apartment zoning (R-A).

11971–1971
Greenblatt v. Toney Schloss Properties Corp. green
md · 1964
11968–1968
Bonnie View Country Club, Inc. v. Glass green
md · 1966
11968–1968

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MD § Md. Code Ann., Land Use § 22-407 (4) MD § Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 12-301 (3) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MD 43 (1966–2023) PA 32 (1956–2026) CT 26 (1967–2020) RI 13 (1967–2008) NY 8 (1961–2026) IN 7 (1989–2016) FL 6 (1974–2003) DC 2 (1984–2002) DE 2 (2005–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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