6 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 34 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Robert Baar v. Jefferson County Board of Educ..
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Robert Baar v. Jefferson County Board of Educ. Anchor | green | “approved the dismissal of official-capacity claims against individual defendants where the government entity is a party and the plaintiff fails to demonstrate that a policy or custom of the defendant government entity played a part in the violation.” | 7 |
| 2 | Jennifer Garza v. Lansing Sch. District | green | “despite receiving multiple complaints that made her aware of . . . misconduct.” | 6 |
| 3 | Jennifer Garza v. Lansing Sch. District | green | “where a defendant has knowledge that the methods she has used to address instances of abuse are ineffective, she does not take adequate precautions by simply continuing to use those methods.” | 6 |
| 4 | Ashley Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. | green | “(1) the municipality's legislative enactments or official agency policies; (2) actions taken by officials with final decision-making authority; (3) a policy of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) a custom of tolerance or acquiescence of federal rights violations.” | 6 |
| 5 | Ashley Franklin v. Franklin Cnty., Ky. | green | “must prove the following: (1) the training or supervision was inadequate for the tasks performed; (2) the inadequacy was the result of the municipality's deliberate indifference; and (3) the inadequacy was closely related to or actually caused the injury.” | 6 |
| 6 | Ilya Kovalchuk v. City of Decherd, Tenn. | green | “simply choosing not to inquire into an applicant's background does not amount to deliberate indifference” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.