8 canonical passages across 6 cases, quoted by 30 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan Anchor | green | “a gender-based classification favoring one sex can be justified if it intentionally and directly assists members of the sex that is disproportionately burdened.” | 7 |
| 2 | William M. Kelley, Joseph S. Rossi, Robert E. Sims v. Board of Trustees, University of Illinois, Morton W. Weir, Ronald E. Guenther | green | “congress itself recognized that addressing discrimination in athletics presented a unique set of problems not raised in areas such as employment and academics.” | 4 |
| 3 | William M. Kelley, Joseph S. Rossi, Robert E. Sims v. Board of Trustees, University of Illinois, Morton W. Weir, Ronald E. Guenther | green | “ensuring that in instances where overall athletic opportunities decrease, the actual opportunities available to the underrepresented gender do not.” | 4 |
| 4 | Sarah Anne Williams Wayne Williams, on Behalf of Their Minor Son, John Williams v. The School District of Bethlehem, Pa | green | “it would require blinders to ignore that the motivation for promulgation of the regulation on athletics was the historic emphasis on boys' athletic programs to the exclusion of girls' athletic programs in high schools as well as colleges” | 3 |
| 5 | William M. Kelley, Joseph S. Rossi, Robert E. Sims v. Board of Trustees, University of Illinois, Morton W. Weir, Ronald E. Guenther | green | “rather, the policy interpretation merely creates a presumption that a school is in compliance with title ix and the applicable regulation when it achieves such a statistical balance.” | 3 |
| 6 | Commercial Union Insurance Company v. Walbrook Insurance Co., Ltd., Commercial Union Insurance Company v. National Casualty Co. | green | “constitutes the law of the case on such issues of law as were actually considered and decided by the appellate court, or as were necessarily inferred from the disposition on appeal.” | 3 |
| 7 | Gail Merchant Irving v. United States | green | “intervening controlling authority exception” | 3 |
| 8 | Cohen v. Brown University | green | “the concept of any measure of unfilled but available athletic slots does not comport with reality.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.