8 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 27 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, Plaintiff-Counter v. A. Buford Wigginton, D/B/A Pickens Pharmacy, Defendant-Counter.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, Plaintiff-Counter v. A. Buford Wigginton, D/B/A Pickens Pharmacy, Defendant-Counter Anchor | green | “need only show that it had reasonable justifications, either in fact or in law” | 4 |
| 2 | Westlake Petrochemicals, L.L.C. v. United Polychem, Inc. | green | “to determine issues of state law, we look to final decisions of the state's highest court, and when there is no ruling by that court, then we have the duty to determine as best we can what the state's highest court would decide.” | 4 |
| 3 | Caldwell v. Alfa Ins. Co. | green | “arguable reason is defined as nothing more than an expression indicating the act or acts of the alleged tortfeasor do not rise to the heightened level of an independent tort.” | 4 |
| 4 | Caldwell v. Alfa Ins. Co. | green | “the plaintiff's burden in this respect likewise exists at the summary judgment stage where the insurance company presents an adequate prima facie showing of a reasonably arguable basis for denial so as to preclude punitive damages.” | 4 |
| 5 | McLendon v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. | green | “a proper investigation means obtaining 'all medical information relevant to a policyholder's claim.” | 3 |
| 6 | Caldwell v. Alfa Ins. Co. | green | “nothing more than an expression indicating the act or acts of the alleged tortfeasor do not rise to the heightened level of an independent tort.” | 3 |
| 7 | Spansel v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. | green | “a bad faith refusal claim is an 'independent tort' separable in both law and fact from the contract claim asserted by an insured under the terms of the policy.” | 3 |
| 8 | United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, Plaintiff-Counter v. A. Buford Wigginton, D/B/A Pickens Pharmacy, Defendant-Counter | green | “need only show that it had reasonable justifications, either in fact or in law, to deny payment.” | 2 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.