8 canonical passages across 7 cases, quoted by 27 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Lopez v. Webster Central School District.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lopez v. Webster Central School District Anchor | green | “courts have applied the familiar mcdonnell douglas burden-shifting analysis to cases arising under title vi.” | 5 |
| 2 | Sosa v. N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ. & Marcy Berger | green | “the elements of a prima facie case may be used as a prism to shed light upon the plausibility of the claim.” | 4 |
| 3 | Jenkins v. Arcade Building Maintenance | green | “fact-specific allegations of a causal link between the defendant's actions and the plaintiff's race are required.” | 3 |
| 4 | Jenkins v. Arcade Building Maintenance | green | “the essential elements of the claim are actions that were racially motivated and purposefully discriminatory.” | 3 |
| 5 | Henry v. NYC Health & Hospital Corp. | green | “allegations of discriminatory comments directed at the plaintiff's racial group are a recognized method of establishing discriminatory intent” | 3 |
| 6 | J.E. ex rel. Edwards v. Center Moriches Union Free School District | green | “an invidious discriminatory purpose may often be inferred from the totality of the relevant facts . . . .” | 3 |
| 7 | Jordan v. Forfeiture Support Associates | green | “good cause is generally found only in exceptional circumstances where the plaintiff's failure to serve process in a timely manner was the result of circumstances beyond her control.” | 3 |
| 8 | De La Peña v. Metropolitan Life Insurance | green | “without any further facts, defendant's statements, while politically incorrect, do not raise a plausible inference that his actions towards the plaintiffs were a result of their membership in a protected class.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.