3 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 25 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Flores v. City of Palacios.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Flores v. City of Palacios Anchor | green | “an arrest is unlawful unless it is supported by probable cause.” | 12 |
| 2 | United States v. Joshua A. Levine | green | “probable cause exists when the totality of facts and circumstances within a police officer's knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person to conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.” | 10 |
| 3 | Carlos Gonzalez v. Able Huerta | green | “even assuming that purpose is served to some degree by stopping and demanding identification from an individual without any specific basis for believing he is involved in criminal activity, the guarantees of the fourth amendment do not allow it.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.