5 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 170 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Baker v. Carr.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Baker v. Carr Anchor | green | “it is error to suppose that every case or controversy which touches foreign relations lies beyond judicial cognizance.” | 53 |
| 2 | Baker v. Carr | green | “the nonjusticiability of a political question is primarily a function of the separation of powers.” | 44 |
| 3 | Japan Whaling Ass'n v. American Cetacean Society | green | “the political question doctrine excludes from judicial review those controversies which revolve around policy choices and value determinations constitutionally committed for resolution to the halls of congress or the confines of the executive branch.” | 41 |
| 4 | Japan Whaling Ass'n v. American Cetacean Society | green | “excludes from judicial review those controversies which revolve around policy choices and value determinations constitutionally committed for resolution to the halls of congress or the confines of the executive branch.” | 27 |
| 5 | Villegas v. GILROY GARLIC FESTIVAL ASSOCIATION | green | “whether to grant military or other aid to a foreign nation is a political decision inherently entangled with the conduct of foreign relations.” | 5 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.