7 canonical passages across 6 cases, quoted by 23 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Zazu Designs, a Partnership v. L'oreal, S.A..
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zazu Designs, a Partnership v. L'oreal, S.A. Anchor | green | “only active use allows consumers to associate a mark with particular goods and notifies other firms that the mark is so associated.” | 5 |
| 2 | Berghoff Restaurant Co., Inc. v. Lewis W. Berghoff, Inc., and Lewis W. Berghoff | green | “in litigation between persons of the same personal name using the name as a trademark, it is common practice to balance the rights by a limited injunction which, while not preventing the use of a personal name altogether, requires ... disclaimers.” | 3 |
| 3 | International Kennel Club Of Chicago, Inc. v. Mighty Star, Inc. | green | “ikc officials began receiving telephone calls (at a rate of about one per day), letters, and personal inquiries from peo- ple expressing confusion as to the plaintiff's relationship to the international kennel club stuffed dogs.” | 3 |
| 4 | Xu Liu v. Price Waterhouse LLP and Computer Language Research, Inc., Defendants/third-Party v. Xiaomei Yang, Third-Party | green | “in ap- plying this de novo standard of review, we evaluate whether any reasonable jury could have reached the same conclusion.” | 3 |
| 5 | Ronald Burzlaff v. Thoroughbred Motorsports Incor | green | “in crafting jury instructions, however, the district court is afforded substan- tial discretion, and we will reverse only if it failed to state the law completely and correctly and the error caused prejudice.” | 3 |
| 6 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. v. Nutraceutical Corporation | green | “a party must show first, adoption, and second, use in a way sufficiently public to identify or distinguish the marked goods in an appropriate segment of the public mind as those of the adopter of the mark.” | 3 |
| 7 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. v. Nutraceutical Corporation | green | “a trademark application is always subject to previously es- tablished common law trademark rights of another party.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.