5 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 23 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Valdez v. City of New York.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Valdez v. City of New York Anchor | green | “(1) an assumption by the municipality, through promises or actions, of an affirmative duty to act on behalf of the party who was injured; (2) knowledge on the part of the municipality's agents that inaction could lead to harm; (3) some form of direct contact between the municipa…” | 11 |
| 2 | Cerilli v. Kezis | green | “the elements of battery are bodily contact, made with intent, and offensive in nature” | 4 |
| 3 | Darrisaw v. Strong Memorial Hospital | green | “would be based upon sheer speculation” | 3 |
| 4 | Tiede v. Frontier Skydivers, Inc. | green | “evince a reckless disregard for the rights of others or smack of intentional wrongdoing” | 3 |
| 5 | Rodriguez v. City of New York | green | “a municipality is not to be held liable for judgmental errors in the exercise of its governmental functions” | 2 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.