6 canonical passages across 6 cases, quoted by 21 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States v. Keenan Ferrell.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States v. Keenan Ferrell Anchor | green | “rule 404(b) does not apply to direct evidence of the crime charged.” | 5 |
| 2 | United States v. Guy Giovannetti and Nicholas Janis | green | “the rule is a sensible elaboration of rule 602, which requires that a lay witness's testimony be based on personal knowledge.” | 4 |
| 3 | United States v. DeLeon | green | “plausible in light of the record in its no. 19-2110 13 entirety.” | 3 |
| 4 | United States v. Locke | green | “employing the vernacular of their financial professions,” | 3 |
| 5 | United States v. Samy A. Mankarious and Thomas K. Murphy | green | “pre- serve the appearance of propriety” | 3 |
| 6 | United States v. Theodore Richards | green | “ad- mission of the evidence affected the defendant's 'substantial rights.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.