4 canonical passages across 2 cases, quoted by 21 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Celio DIAZ, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Celio DIAZ, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC., Defendant-Appellee Anchor | green | “discrimination based on sex is valid only when the essence of the business operation would be undermined by not hiring members of one sex exclusively.” | 7 |
| 2 | Mrs. Lorena W. Weeks v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company, Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company v. Mrs. Lorena W. Weeks | green | “that he had reasonable cause to believe, that is, a factual basis for believing, that all or substantially all women would be unable to perform safely and efficiently the duties of the job involved.” | 5 |
| 3 | Celio DIAZ, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS, INC., Defendant-Appellee | green | “the essence of the business operation would be undermined by not hiring members of one sex exclusively.” | 5 |
| 4 | Mrs. Lorena W. Weeks v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company, Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company v. Mrs. Lorena W. Weeks | green | “bona fide occupational qualification” | 4 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.