6 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 140 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Sewell v. Town of Lake Hamilton, FL.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sewell v. Town of Lake Hamilton, FL Anchor | green | “a policy is a decision that is officially adopted by the municipality, or created by an official of such rank that he or she could be said to be acting on behalf of the municipality.” | 48 |
| 2 | Sewell v. Town of Lake Hamilton, FL | green | “a practice that is so settled and permanent that it takes on the force of law” | 28 |
| 3 | Sewell v. Town of Lake Hamilton, FL | green | “a custom is a practice that is so settled and permanent that it takes on the force of law.” | 18 |
| 4 | Grech v. Clayton County, GA | green | “distinguish acts of the municipality from acts of employees of the municipality, and thereby make clear that municipal liability is limited to action for which the municipality is actually responsible.” | 17 |
| 5 | Louise Cook v. Sheriff of Monroe County | green | “only where the municipality itself causes the constitutional violation at issue.” | 17 |
| 6 | Gold v. City of Miami | green | “only where a municipality's failure to train its employees in a relevant respect evidences a 'deliberate indifference' to the rights of its inhabitants such that the failure to train can be properly thought of as a city 'policy or custom' that is actionable under 1983.” | 12 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.