3 canonical passages across 2 cases, quoted by 18 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Friend v. Gasparino.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Friend v. Gasparino Anchor | green | “official municipal policy includes the decisions of a government's lawmakers, the acts of its policymaking officials, and practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law.” | 10 |
| 2 | Saeli v. Chautauqua County | green | “go beyond the pleadings and by his or her own affidavits, or by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” | 4 |
| 3 | Friend v. Gasparino | green | “municipalities may not be held liable unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort.” | 4 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.