6 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 17 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States v. Iniguez-Barba.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States v. Iniguez-Barba Anchor | green | “substantial interference with the victim's liberty.” | 3 |
| 2 | United States v. Soto-Sanchez | green | “more than unlawful confinement or restraint of the victim,” | 3 |
| 3 | United States v. Soto-Sanchez | green | “require a specific, 'nefarious' purpose other than merely restraining the victim” | 3 |
| 4 | United States v. Abeu Gonzalez-Perez, A.K.A. Oscar Ortiz-Garcia | green | “encompasses, at a minimum, the concept of a 'nefarious purpose' motivating restriction of a victim's liberty” | 3 |
| 5 | United States v. Esparza-Herrera | green | “derive the crime's uniform meaning from the generic, contemporary meaning employed by most states, guided by scholarly commentary.” | 3 |
| 6 | United States v. Esparza-Herrera | green | “contemporary meaning employed by most states, guided by scholarly commentary.” | 2 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.