6 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 108 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Jerry L. Branch, Valenna Branch, Colby Branch v. Dale L. Tunnell, Individually and as Special Agent of Bureau of Land Management, State of Montana.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jerry L. Branch, Valenna Branch, Colby Branch v. Dale L. Tunnell, Individually and as Special Agent of Bureau of Land Management, State of Montana Anchor | green | “documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to the pleading, may be considered in ruling on a rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss” | 45 |
| 2 | Hal Roach Studios, Inc., a Delaware Corporation v. Richard Feiner and Company, Inc., a New York Corporation | green | “generally, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a rule 12(b)(6) motion.” | 33 |
| 3 | Rutman Wine Company v. E. & J. Gallo Winery | green | “denial of leave to amend is not an abuse of discretion where the pleadings before the court demonstrate that further amendment would be futile.” | 12 |
| 4 | Summit Technology, Inc. v. High-Line Medical Instruments Co. | green | “a rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is proper only where there is either a 'lack of a cognizable legal theory' or 'the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” | 7 |
| 5 | Summit Technology, Inc. v. High-Line Medical Instruments Co. | green | “however, a court need not accept as true unreasonable inferences, unwarranted deductions of fact, or conclusory legal allegations cast in the form of factual allegations.” | 7 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.