2 canonical passages across 2 cases, quoted by 11 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Independent Newspapers, Inc. v. Brodie.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Independent Newspapers, Inc. v. Brodie Anchor | green | “in the case of defamation per quod, extrinsic facts must be alleged in the complaint to establish the defamatory character of the words or conduct.” | 6 |
| 2 | Steven J. Hatfill v. The New York Times Company, and Nicholas Kristof | green | “while the federal rules of civil procedure require more specific pleading in certain cases, defamation cases are not among them.” | 5 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.