2 canonical passages across 2 cases, quoted by 10 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Segel v. Commissioner.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Segel v. Commissioner Anchor | green | “the touchstone of economic reality is whether an outside lender would have made the payments in the same form and on the same terms.” | 7 |
| 2 | Calumet Industries, Inc. v. Commissioner | green | “as a classic capital investor hoping to make a profit, not as a creditor expecting to be repaid regardless of the company's success or failure.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.