6 canonical passages across 6 cases, quoted by 66 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Robert Beck v. City of Pittsburgh.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Robert Beck v. City of Pittsburgh Anchor | green | “evidence of knowledge and acquiescence.” | 13 |
| 2 | Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District | green | “an 'appropriate person' ... is, at minimum, an official of the recipient entity with authority to take corrective action to end the discrimination.” | 12 |
| 3 | Delores Simmons, Administratrix of the Estate of Daniel La Friscoe Simmons v. The City of Philadelphia Police Officer A. Panati, Badge No. 2587 | green | “deliberately chose not to pursue these alternatives or acquiesced in a longstanding policy or custom of inaction in this regard.” | 11 |
| 4 | Warren v. Reading School District | green | “a school principal who is entrusted with the responsibility and authority normally associated with that position will ordinarily be an 'appropriate person' under title ix.” | 11 |
| 5 | Mann v. Palmerton Area School District | green | “municipal liability only attaches when a plaintiff demonstrates that an official policy or custom caused the asserted constitutional deprivation.” | 10 |
| 6 | Carter v. City of Philadelphia | green | “additionally, if the policy at issue relates to a failure to train or supervise municipal employees, "liability under section 1983 requires a showing that the failure amounts to 'deliberate indifference' to the rights of persons with whom those employees will come into contact.” | 9 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.