5 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 397 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Crawford v. Washington.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crawford v. Washington Anchor | green | “a solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.” | 177 |
| 2 | Crawford v. Washington | green | “an accuser who makes a formal statement to government officers bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual remark to an acquaintance does not.” | 145 |
| 3 | Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts | green | “core class of testimonial statements” | 50 |
| 4 | Williams v. Illinois | red | “out-of-court statements that are related by the expert solely for the purpose of explaining the assumptions on which that opinion rests are not offered for their truth and thus fall outside the scope of the confrontation clause.” | 19 |
| 5 | Williams v. Illinois | red | “(a) they involved out-of-court statements having the primary purpose of accusing a targeted individual of engaging in criminal conduct and (b) they involved formalized statements such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, or confessions.” | 6 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.